English Conjunctions

Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which joins two sentences to complete their meaning. There are two kinds of conjunctions: 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction is used to join two statements of equal importance, the conjunction is said to be a co-ordinating conjunction. Examples : and, but, or, not, for, either, neither 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction joins two statements, one of which depends on the other for its full meaning, the conjunction is said to be a subordinating conjunction.Examples : before, after, since, because, if, though, which, who A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. There seem to be three basic types of conjunctions. They are:  coordinating conjunctions  used to connect two independent clauses,  subordinating conjunctions  used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence, and  correlative conjunctions  which always travel in pair s, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCoordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e. g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR – is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause AND – joins two similar ideas together NOR – The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor BUT – joins two contrasting ideas togetherOR – joins two alternative ideas YET – is very similar to ‘but' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together SO – shows that the second idea is the result of the first An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause.There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are listed below. For a more comprehensive list see  http://webster. commnet. edu/grammar/conjunctions. htm#nor BECAUSE, AS, SINCE – are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship between two ideas SO – introduces an effect in a cause effect relationship between two ideas ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE – are used to express contrast between ideas AFTER – is used to show timeAlthough documentation of the developmental order of the remaining subordinate conjunctions is missing, the best guess scenario would be: BECAUSE and SINCE, as they also in troduce the cause in a cause-effect relationship SO would likely seem to follow as it introduces the effect in a cause-effect relationship ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE may follow next as they express the contrast between ideas AFTER which expresses time concepts COrrelative CONJUNCTIONS Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. both . . . andnot only . . . but alsonot . . . buteither . . . orneither . . . norwhether . . . oras . . . as| Types of Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions:  coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and  subordinating conjunctions.Coordinating Conjunctions  may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join si milar elements such as subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, or sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Examples:  and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so Correlative Conjunctions  also connect sentence elements of the same kind, however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Examples: both – and not only – but also not – but ither – or neither – nor whether – or as – as Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions. Examples: Time: after, before, since, when, while, until Reason: because, since, so that, why Place: where, wherever Condition: if, unless, until, in case Manner: as if, as though, how When we write, we use conjunctions to â€Å"connect words, phrases, and clauses, showing the relation ship between and among them,†Ã‚   as Scharton   and Neuleib describe (2001, p. 96). There are four types of conjunctions that writers can use. Let's review each type as a way to reflect on the different kinds of relationships that conjunctions can be used to reveal. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions should used  when the elements have an equal relationship. Examples of coordinating conjunctions include  for, and, nor, but, or, yet,  and  so. Ex. Hall does not deny that the early colonists were overwhelmingly Christian,  but  he does recognize that not everyone practiced his or her eligion with the same zeal and fervor that is generally assumed in Puritan communities. Note that with this type of conjunction, you are connecting two sentences (making a compound sentence). In order to prevent this compound sentence from being a run-on sentence, a comma must precede the coordinating conjunction. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are u sed in pairs and also connect equal elements. Examples of correlative conjunctions include  either†¦or, whether†¦or, not only†¦but also, both†¦and,  andneither†¦nor. Ex.It is another interesting phenomenon of history that any conflict within post-World War II Germany,  whether  between the two Germanys  or  between two sets of Germans, often resulted in one side’s claiming that the other used had fascist tactics. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions  are used to show the relationship of the subordinate clause (a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone) to the rest of the sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include  while, after, until, when, where, before, if, that, unless, because, although, though,  and  whether.Ex. Sherry walked to school this morning because her car battery was dead. Conjunctive Adverbs While they are not true conjunctions, conjunctive ad verbs often function as conjunctions. They don't show relationships  within  a sentence, but rather show the relationship between two independent clauses (a complete sentence, or a group of related words that contain a subject, a predicate, and can stand alone). Examples of conjunctive adverbs include  also, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, similarly, therefore, thus, besides, next, specifically,  and  subsequently.Ex. A first glance at his bibliography gives the appearance that the work may rely somewhat heavily on secondary source material;  however, a number of primary sources are also used, and it should be noted that the publication dates of the secondary source material range throughout the span of the study. Note that two complete sentences are connected. Therefore, a semicolon is needed. The semicolon shows that the two sentences are closely related and that the writer wants the two sentences to stay linked in the writer’s mind, while showing where one sentence ends and the next one begins.Notice also that a comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Test Your Knowledge| | Check your understanding by correcting the following sentences. Hint: Use the structure of the sentence as a guide to the relationship. Choose a conjunction or conjunctive adverb accordingly. 1. ___________ most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. 2.Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated; ___________ , many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. 3. At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law, _________ as in any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. . One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would _________ go directly to the public school fund ________ be distributed among the counties. Answers: 1. While  most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. The first part of this sentence is subordinate to the second part. Therefore, a subordinating conjunction would be used.Others that could work in this context would be  though  and  although. 2. Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated;  furthermore, many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. Here the second sentence serves as an addition to another sentence, so a conjunctive adverb is needed. Because it is an addition,  further  and  furthermore  are the best options. . At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law,  but  like any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. This sentence calls for a coordinating conjunction. Either of these sentences could work independent of each other. The word  but  works best here because it shows contrast. 4.One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would  either  go directly to the public school fund  or  be distributed among the counties. Here the two blanks should have been the clue that a correlative conjunctions was required. They are the only ones used in pairs. | | What are conjunctions? Sure, they're joining words, but they're much more than that. Conjunctions are the words that decide the importance of the various other words in the sentence. Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions each have their own purpose. * DefinitionConjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. * Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. In other words, coordinating conjunctions may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses, or two dependent clauses. For example, in each of the following sentences, the coordinating conjunction â€Å"and† connect s equal words or groups of words: Connects two words:  John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.Connects two phrases:  The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch. Connects two clauses:  Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers. Connect with Classrooms www. ePals. com/Join Easily Connect with classrooms all over the world, Join ePals today! Ads by Google There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym â€Å"FANBOYS†: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. * Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause.The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions â€Å"when† or â€Å"why† about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it. Here are some examples of subordinating co njunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways: * I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when) * Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why) * I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition) * Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition) Note: The subordinating conjunction does not lways come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause. * Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance. The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions: Both, and:  Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year. Neither, nor:  Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year. Not only, but also:  Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also be come one of the strongest players.Remember these three types of conjunctions – coordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions – and you've got one part of speech down pat. A  conjunction  connects two or more  sentences,  clauses, or parts of clauses. Some of the most common conjunctions in English are  and,because,  but,  for,  nor,  so,  until,  when, and  yet. The two main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. There are also correlative conjunctions, copulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, disjunctive conjunctions, and final conjunctions. ————————————————-Coordinating conjunctions A  coordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links two words,  phrases,  clauses, or  sentences  that are grammatically equivalent. The six wo rds most commonly used as coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with the mnemonic device FANBOYS—for,  and,  nor,  but,  or,  yet,  so. Let’s look at a few examples: We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo. [And  links two listed elements that are grammatically equivalent. ] You see  yet  do not hear. [Yet  links two grammatically equivalent actions (see  anddo not hear) performed by  you. ] We bathed the dog,  but  we couldn’t get him clean. But  links two independent clauses. ] Coordinating correlative conjunctions Some correlative conjunctions (see below for full definition) can function as joint coordinating conjunctions. For example,  neither  and  nor  in this sentence introduce grammatically equal elements, so they work together as coordinating conjunctions: Neither Joe nor John has any idea what he’s talking about. Coordinating conjunctions and commas For coordinating conjunctions,  comma  use depen ds on the nature of the linked elements. If a coordinating conjunction joins two  independent clauses, it usually should be preceded by a comma (e. g. We bathed the dog, but we couldn’t get him clean). If a coordinating conjunction links two listed elements, it doesn’t need a comma (e. g. ,  We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo). ————————————————- Subordinating conjunctions A  subordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links a  dependent clause  (also known as a subordinate clause) to an  independent clause—for example: The city recommends everyone stay inside because the winds could be dangerous. In this  sentence,  because  links a dependent clause (because the winds could be dangerous) to the main clause (The city recommends everyone stay inside).We know this  is subordinating because  because the winds could be dangerous  could not normally stand alone as a sentence. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions: after albeit although as because before except if once since| that though unless until when whenever where whether while| Some phrases also function as subordinating conjunctions. Here are some of the most common ones: as if as far as as long as as well as even if even though| that inasmuch as in order to in order that so that such that| ————————————————- Other types Adversative conjunctionsAdversative conjunctions  (sometimes known as contrasting conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to express comparisons or contrasts. The element introduced by the adversative conjunction usually qualifies or expresses a caveat with regard to the main  clause  of the  sentence. The most common adversative clauses are  but  and  yet, but   still,  however,  albeit,  although, and others are also sometimes adversative. Let’s look at a few examples of adversative conjunctions: He’s a shy  but  loving little boy. [Naples News] Here, the  phrase  but loving  creates a contrast to what is expected from the  adjective  shy.It is a living part of my spiritual life,  yet  I don’t know if one would call me a religious artist. [Houston Chronicle] In this sentence, the  independent clause  introduced by  yet  adds information to qualify what was expressed in the main clause. This technology,  although  not a foolproof way to monitor abusers, might give victims advance warning that danger is approaching. [Hartford Courant] And in this sentence, the  conjunction  although  introduces information in contrast to the main clause. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions  are two or more  conjunctions  used to link structurally identical parts of a  se ntence.Here are the most common pairs of correlative conjunctions: either–or| both–and| neither–nor| not only–but also| if–then| whether–or| Elements linked by correlative conjunctions must have parallel grammatical construction. For example, this is technically incorrect (the conjunctions are underlined): You’re  either  going to love his work  or  hate it. [Thousand Oaks Acorn] For such a construction to be correct, what follows  either  and what follows  or  must be syntactically equivalent. A diagram of this example sentence would look like, [Subject]  either  [auxiliary verb phrase] [verb] [object]  or  [verb] [object]. †?The segment following  either  has an element (the auxiliary verb phrase  going to) that the segment following  or  doesn’t have, so the two segments are not parallel. There are two possibilities for correcting this sentence: You’re going to  either  love his work  or  hate it. Either  you’re going to love his work,  or  you’re going to hate it. With sentences this short, correlative conjunctions are usually easy to use correctly. But using more complicated constructions involving correlatives such as  not only–but also  and  if  Ã¢â‚¬â€œthencan be tricker. Here’s another technically flawed use of correlative conjunctions: TTL Inc. s a socially responsible company that is  not only  known for innovations in engineering  but also  for its widespread support of education. [UA News] Here, the verb  known  should precede  not only, as the phrase following  but also  has no parallel verb. From the same article, here’s an example of correct correlative conjunction use: TTL’s passion for advanced education is seen  not only  in the hours dedicated to volunteering and guest lecturing,  but also  through endowed scholarships for prospective engineers at The University of Alabama. Commas and correlative conjunctions . Use no  comma  when the parallel segments are in the same  clause—for example: It was either really stupid or really brave. Our diversity is not only a challenge but also a gift. b. Use a comma when the two parallel phrases are in separate clauses—for example: If there’s a truly monumental disaster, then appoint the two last presidents to lend a hand. [WSJ] c. But even when two correlative conjunctions are in the same clause, it’s often acceptable to insert a comma before the second conjunction either to create a natural-sounding pause, or to prevent confusion.Copulative conjunctions Copulative conjunctions  (also known as additive conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to denote addition. The  conjunction  indicates that the second word,  phrase,  clause, or  sentence  contains an additional fact that is related to the earlier word, phrase, clause, or senten ce. Some of the most common copulative conjunctions are  and,  also,  as well as,  moreover,  no less,  and  plus. Some copulative conjunctions may be used to start sentences—for example: My kangaroo can sing. And  she’s not too bad. Moreover, she won a Grammy last year.Plus, she’s a pretty good dancer. In the last two sentences,  moreover  and  plus  come close to becoming  adverbs  modifying the main  verbs  of their sentences (won  and the contracted  is). Such adverbial copulative conjunctions should be set off by  commas. And  does not need to be set apart. And  is the only copulative conjunction that can be used to introduce a second  independent clause  within a sentence—for example: We ate lunch, and we took a nap. Using any other copulative conjunction in place of  and  would turn this into a  run-on sentence. Disjunctive conjunctionsDisjunctive conjunctions  are  conjunctions  used to sep arate two or more mutually exclusive options presented in a  sentence. When a disjunctive conjunction is used, it usually indicates either that only one of the elements joined by the conjunctions is true, or that none of the elements are true. The conjunctions most commonly used disjunctively are  but,  either,  else,  neither, nor,  or, other, and  otherwise. Some disjunctive conjunctions are  coordinating conjunctions—for example, the  either  and the  or  in this  sentence: Poetry is usually either cheap or free.Here,  either  and  or  indicate that poetry is usually one or the other (cheap or free) but not both. Disjunctive pronouns separate these options. Other disjunctive conjunctions don’t need to be coordinated. For example, the  or  in this sentence functions on its own: I might use papier-ma? che, or I might use some kind of wood. The  or  separates two options, only one of which can be true. And in this sentence, the   neither  and the  nor  are used to indicate that neither option is true: Neither he nor his lawyer could be reached for comment. Final conjunctionsFinal conjunctions  (also known as illative conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to introduce  clauses  or  phrases  that draw inferences or conclusions from earlier ones. Some of the most common final conjunctions (some of which are phrases) are  as a consequence,  consequently,  for,  hence,  so,  so that,  so then,  thus, and  therefore. Some final conjunctions introduce phrases within  sentences. For example, this sentence has two: In turn, this causes other asset prices to fall in those nations,  thus  worsening their banking systems, and  hence  leading to credit contraction and capital flight. NY Times] The phrase introduced by  hence  draws an inference from the phrase introduced by  thus, which in turn draws an inference from the main clause. Some final conju nctions introduce clauses within sentences—for example: Equalize the tax laws  so that  employer-provided health insurance and individually owned health insurance have the same tax benefits. [Wall Street Journal] Here, the clause introduced by  so that  infers what will occur should the action proposed in the  imperative-mood  main clause come to pass.A final conjunction may also be used to start a sentence that draws a conclusion from the preceding sentence—for example: Good writing is always about clarity and insight, precision and accuracy. Therefore, this confusing name calls into question the very quality of the writing instruction that will be given in the new department. [Inside Higher Ed] The second sentence, introduced by the final conjunction  therefore, draws a conclusion from the first sentence. And here’s one more example: Our current system provides individuals with little market power in the urchase of health insurance. As a result,à ‚  they typically pay exorbitant premiums. [The New Republic] Here, the sentence beginning with  as a result  shows what the conditions described in the first sentence lead to. OUTLINE 1. Introduction (neu d? nh nghia, vai tro c? a conjunction trong cau, trong l? i noi hang ngay. Cho vi d? ) 2. Types of conjunction 3. 1. Coordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of coordinating conjunction c. Exercise 3. 2. Subordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of subordinating conjunction . Exercise 3. 3. Correlative conjunction a. Definition b. List of correlative conjunction c. Exercise Note: * ph? n Definiton neu d? nh nghia, function c? a cac lo? i conjunction nay trong cau * Ph? n List of†¦ neu cac lo? i conjunction, cho vi d? , phan tich vi d? , trinh bay v? luu y khi s? d? ng d? u ph? y trong cau khi dung lo? i conjunction nay) * Ph? n exercise neu it nh? t la 10 cau, phan tich vi sao lai dung conjunction do, phan tich function c? a conjunction trong cau) 3. Conclusio n (

The Political Arena

A boiling hot international issue nowadays is the upcoming elections in the Philippines which will be conducted on May 10, 2010. The election itself is controversial enough because this time, there are ten presidential candidates, but what is really different about this election is that this is the first time that they will be having the automated elections. The Senate Bill No. 2231 states that the automated election system must be used to ensure transparency, accuracy and credibility.As the elections are drawing nearer, more and more intrigues are appearing. One, and perhaps the most worthy of worry, is the failure of the PCOS machines.2 Just five days before the elections, the testing of the machines produced wrong results. In the mock elections, there were five votes for a certain candidate, and five votes for another candidate. These ten votes were all counted for different candidates.Whether the makers of the machine and the administration, headed by the current president who ha s been accused of cheating in the last elections, are conniving for this, it remains a mystery. People are worried that there might be a failure of elections, and when this happens, the current president stays the president. It has been suggested to have a parallel counting, meaning that aside from the automated counting, there will also be manual counting. This proposal was rejected by the Commission on Elections.In the Philippines, there are many different groups and religions. Recently, they have announced their support statements. The Iglesia ni Cristo group announced that they will be supporting Senator â€Å"Noynoy† Aquino, the son of the late President Cory Aquino (their first woman president).3Senator Aquino made a statement saying that the Commission on Elections indeed denied their proposal because it might open more venues for frauds and protests.4The media, being the primary source for most people, definitely plays a big role in this event. They continue to publis h survey results, which almost always show that there are only two presidential candidates who are in a battle for the spot. Again, these surveys only show the majority votes in a certain area, but for some reason, they have the power to manipulate the voters.Some voters will change their votes because their first choice does not show good results in the surveys posted by the media. The media also consistently gives updates on the failure of the PCOS machines. Last April 29, 2010, there was an article saying that the Office of the President also stood behind the decision of the COMELEC, and this made the citizens wonder more if there is indeed a connection between the two groups.5There have been legal actions already, as the mentioned resolutions of the Senate to the COMELEC, but all have been denied. The reason behind this is most probably the connivance of the administration, the COMELEC, and the producers of the PCOS machines. For me, this is an important issue even though it is happening in a different country.This shows us the dirty game of politics, and if it is happening in the Philippines, it can happen to any other country, as long as there are corrupt and power-hungry officials. If their elections push through without failure, we will get to see a new era in the Philippines, but if there is a failure of elections, who knows what can happen to their country?Choosing the next leaders of a country should not be taken lightly, and amidst the issues happening in their country, there are people still hoping for the best results.Works CitedSenate of the Republic of the Philippines, 13th Congress, Senate Bill No. 2231, Automated Election System, filed March 15, 2006.Noynoy Aquino. http://www.noynoy.ph/v3/index.php.Senate of the Philippines Press Release May 4, 2010.COMELEC Rejects Parallel Manual Count, April 29 2010, Manila Bulletin.   

The Changing Relationship Between Government Essay

The Changing Relationship Between Government - Essay Example There is some form of a market which gives the government too much power in the market and therefore it is the form that is used by different countries that is ultimately the one which determines the kind of relationship between any government and the business. There is some form of the market which gives the government too much power in the market and therefore it exerts a lot of control when dealing with business. This as the characteristic of most emerging markets immediately after the Second World War. But the capitalist economies have proved that closed markets which are controlled by the government are no better than an open market where the theories of demand and supply are used. In the closed market, there is a lot of control on the price of commodities in the market as well as the process of the business. The government sets the prices which are in the effort of preventing the businesses from exploiting the consumers. But this model of the market gives fewer market incentive s for the business and it also encourages monopoly. There is also a lot of political control of the business. Therefore liberalized market has been seen as an appropriate market model that can be used by the government in the market. Many countries have in the recent past adopted a liberalized market and have recorded massive growth in their economies. For example, China has been having a socialist closed economy until 1989 when it opened up the market. Since then there has been massive growth of the economy which has performed well compared to the earlier times. China has been able to rise to one of the strongest world economy by liberalization its market.

Macro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macro - Essay Example Unemployment rates in transition economies and developing countries have also moved higher, â€Å"in particular in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Central and South-eastern Europe† (Andy Kilmister, 2008). Economic theory: According to Andy Kilmister (2008), in the years leading up to the economic crisis that began in 2008, the global economy showed strong Economic Growth (EG). Over 2001-07, real world gross domestic product (GDP) grew by more than 3 percent a year, exceeding annual growth of 2.7 percent during the 1990s. The large influx of money into the Western financial system enlarged the â€Å"supply of funds available for loans and investment relative to the profitable opportunities available† (p. 67). This consequence, combined with â€Å"insufficient government financial regulation and supervision, resulted in investors and banks making riskier loans, such as for subprime home mortgages and mortgage refinancing in the Unites States† (Andy Kilmister, 2008). Interest on the article: The world financial crisis is a recent world effect, which affected almost all countries in world, Andy Kilmister (2008). It impresses me most because, to come out of the crisis, economic knowledge was needed to salvage the situation. Economic theory played a major role, â€Å"for instance the use of interest rates to regulate the cost of borrowing from financial sectors† (p. 23). Also, the use of fiscal policies, for instance stimulus packages in the financial and non-financial sectors (Andy Kilmister,

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Essay

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Essay Example The policies of IFRS are more advanced and precise for meeting the changes in the new accounting and audit systems, so US is also moving towards IFRS. The US GAAP is actually concept based, whereas IFRS is based on principles. The methodology of these two frameworks and the accounting treatments are also different. In US GAAP, the research is mainly based on the literature but in case of IFRS, the rules are mainly based on reviews and patterns of facts. Table of Contents International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 4 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 5 Different between IFRS and GAAP 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a principle based framework created to develop new standards of accounting and auditing. The International Accounting Standards (IAS) was renamed as IFRS and the policies of IAS was also changed or renewed under this. The IFRS was constructed to develop a globalised accounting an d auditing model. The IFRS approves three main accounting models: The current cost accounting, maintenance of financial capital in the units of the constant purchasing power and the capital for maintaining nominal monetary units. IFRS follows three basic assumptions: Going on Concern: It states that an entity will continue its activities and any form of hindrance would not stop it from doing so. The assumption for proper and stable measuring units: The changes in the purchasing ability of functional currency excluding the 26 percent p.a. for consecutive 3 years can be considered immaterial for not considering the capital maintenance as stated in the guidelines of IFRS. Purchasing Power: It considers the constant power to purchase at all levels of inflation and deflation in relation to the consumer price index. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) The Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) are the rules in relation to accounting and auditing which are used for pre senting, and preparing the financial reports or statements for different entity. It includes the policies for the entire accounting and auditing industry. The GAAP is actually set or formulated by the Government Accounting Standard Board (GASB). The basic objectives of GAAP are: To safe guard the interest of the investors. To help the authorities take important financial decisions. It plays a significant role in maintaining records. It improves the performance of the organization (Cerritos, n. d.). Different between IFRS and GAAP The basic difference between IFRS and US GAAP framework are: Inventory: Under the system of IFRS, the LIFO system cannot be used, but in GAAP both LIFO and FIFO are allowed. So companies have choices in the second case. Cost of Development: In case of IFRS the

Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut - Essay Example Dwayne is a wealthy man, a well-known and respected man in his community, who happens to suffer from a chemical imbalance that causes him to become progressively insane. Trout however, is a very poor man who works in the aluminum industry and writes novels and essays in his spare time. Trout was never recognized as an author before coming to Midland City; his stories were only published in pornographic magazines. The narrator slowly involves himself in the story and reveals himself as the creator of Trout and all that Trout knows. In the story, the narrator brings Trout and Dwayne together through an arts festival in Midland City. While the two men have never met, their first and only meeting changes their lives forever after. Dwayne progressing insanity come to a head when he meets Trout and demands the secret of life; Trout in a moment of panic gives Dwayne his book called Now It Can Be Told and says that his book holds the secrets. The book is a science fiction books that tells a story of the Creator of the Universe who decides to experiment by putting one human on earth and everyone else is a robot put there to stir the human up in any way possible. Taking it as the true secret of life, Dwayne goes on a violent rampage, beating eleven people, including Trout for being, what he thinks, are robots. The narrator tells the readers that Trout turns his life around after the experience with Dwayne and becomes an expert in mental health and a champion for ridding the world of negative ideas. Trout becomes a respected and loved author and member of society. Dwayne ends up on Skid Row after his rampage; the tables were turned for these two characters. The narrator believes he is born again through Trouts experiences. Vonnegut uses the fictional element of satire to depict the self-destruction of humans throughout Breakfast of Champions. The characters are miserable in their lives, regardless

The primary purpose of NQT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The primary purpose of NQT - Essay Example As per govt. regulation in UK the teachers undergoing this induction period have some protections and have some relaxations such as curriculum coordination and are not have to provide the exceptional on job behaviour. A relaxation of around 10% is available for grooming the professional skills. But on the other side there are some strict rules for the candidates who fail to go through as they can never have permission to teach again in the state owned school. I have start my career as a gardener and has to maintain the grounds, football pitches, threes, and flower beds in the school, there I got the opportunity to taught as a part time teacher. The department of design and technology offered me a full time job after some time. There I have show my commitment and adopt this as a career, although my previous experience is in different fields which can be observed from my resume. This is applicable on my previous experiences and knowledge, I have been got in previous worked areas, may have an inherent value that could maximize an existing experience or future endeavour. Possibly, Hillier is also telling that we have to revisit our prior experiences/knowledge to exemplify we have started our journey by taking the first important step. 'Maximizing an experience' is, therefore, a progressive and reflective task that can be used to plan further development. I've got an advice form a young teacher form her observation during my NQT year. 'I feel that you are using all your experience in your present job and I'm sure that this benefits your students enormously'. This prompted a journal entry reflecting on prior experiences: 'just the start I didn't need, Maybe I'm not starting from zero after all, but it certainly feels like it today. I am, however, going to have to prioritize my time; all those other jobs and interests are going to have to wait. It might help if I knew what I know, perhaps I am maximizing my own experience and not that of my learners, perhaps now I need to think more of my learners experiences and not my own'. (Extract from Personal Journal entry; September 30, 2008) Empirical research observing the impact of in induction year showed the huge success of the policy, and it is believed that this process as expedite the progress of new teachers and giving them the opportunity to gain the knowledge and helps to got the skills more quickly then before. The experience of NQT can be considered to be positive correlation among enjoyment of induction year and whether key elements of induction period. There is also a thought prevailing that NQTs are unhappy because they are not getting entitlement, however, the reason for this thought prevailing is the lack of proper guidance and support form mentors. It has been complained that induction tutor are not giving enough time and playing their effective role. In the NQT duration the participation of the candidate toward the pupils and the mentor is monitored and ranked. Candidate has to understand the requirement of the students to the best of his/her abilities according to the situation and have to find best possible solution in the

Capstone Project Scenario Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Capstone Project Scenario Solution - Essay Example This paper will discuss from the point of view of an administrator, who intends to start a mobile MRI scan service and also analyzes its opportunities, challenges etc. Normally, if there is a quite a good concentration of human population, the risk of humans getting physical injury and abnormalities will always be there. If the population is higher, the risk element will also rise, and the risk will translate into actual cases of persons getting injured and having abnormalities. As there will be the need to diagnose this injured, the opportunity of using MRI will also get optimized. The administrator’s management of the orthopaedic surgery practice would have given him/her enough work experience, which would, gave him/her a clear and confident vision of the scope of MRI service. And this vision can be easily used to turn the challenge into opportunity. â€Å"Vision gives you the impulse to make the picture your own† (Collier). That is, as an administrator of an orthopaedic surgery practice, he/she may know the importance of the MRI scan, for the treatment of majority of the orthopaedic cases. As orthopedics is the specialized branch of medicine, which deals with ‘internal’ bones, tissues, muscles and nerves, MRI will be of great use. Internal is the key word because no orthopaedic specialist could pinpoint an injury or any abnormality just from viewing the external body. So in that case, only scientific equipment like MRI scans will be the viable option. â€Å"MRI†¦is a non-invasive method used to render images of the inside of an object. It is primarily used in medical imaging to demonstrate pathological or other physiological alterations of living tissues.† (wikipedia.com). And that MRI will be put to great use, if the MRI services become portable. That is, when one gets injured in the any part of limbs (upper and the lower included) or in any other important bones, one cannot move with comfort. They need to be brought to the orthopaedic

Dijkstras Algorithm Essay Example for Free

Dijkstras Algorithm Essay 1) Write short notes on: a) Pains of Partition b) Family bonding and disintegration Ans. a) India was a colony for over 200 years and this struggle for independence is deeply rooted in the Indian psyche. More than this, another momentous event of partition is taken up by the authors. Heinous activity, cruelty, barbarism have left deep scars in Indian minds. Different aspects of partition have been dealt with by many writers specially who have themselves undergone that experience. His most famous book is â€Å"Train to Pakistan†. Another important book by him is â€Å"Ghadar 1915: India’s first Armed Revolution†. There are some women writers who have also written about the partition of 1947. Manju Kapur has, in fact, made it the background of her novel â€Å"Difficult Daughter† that was published in 1998. Nina Sibal painted a vivid picture of partition in her novel â€Å"Yatra† and â€Å"What the body remembers† by Shauna Baldwain also throws light on the pains of Partition. b) Among all the countries of the world, the institution of family is of supreme importance in India. Even in this post modern world, Family still plays the pivotal role. There have been continuous twists and turns in the cobweb of family relationship. Many writers have written profusely on it but basically women writers have dealt with an extra edge. Shashi Deshpandey, Kamala Markandeya, Nayantara Sahgal , to name a few. Earlier, India had joint family system but with rapid industrialization and to meet out the search of better opportunities of employment, the families gradually acquired the shape of nuclear ones. Urban migration started with the shifting of masses from rural to urban areas to meet out the challenges of earning living. Such issues also dealt with seriously by many writers in all the languages in India. Both the genres of short stories and novels take up ‘Family’ as an important issue and then the different equations between members of the family always make interesting plot for the stories. Relation between mother and son, husband and wife, brother and brother, brother and sister requires minute detailing and a lot of sensitivity. 2) Write a note on basket-selling girl. Ans. The writer is shown as eighteen years old and studying in the Delhi University. The girl , that he meets at Deoli station, is very poor as her feet were bare but he was struck by the sheer dignity with which she carried herself. She had a typical charm about her personality. She had a beautiful , pale visage with shiny, black hair. The feature of profound attraction was her pair of dark, troubled eyes. In a way the writer was mesmerized by the simple beauty and grace oozing out of her personality. â€Å"She stood by my window for some time and neither of us said anything. But when she moved on, I found myself leaving my seat and going to the carriage door. † The use of the words â€Å"I found myself† amply suggests that he was motivated from within to follow that girl. The germination of love in this story does not seem to be unrequited as the girl also gets sparkled up looking at the writer for the second time. In fact her maiden meeting with the writer instills a spark of happiness within her. He writes, â€Å" I watched her as the platform slipped away. She was alone on the platform and she did not move, but she was looking at me and smiling. I watched her until the signal-box in the way, and then the jungle hid the station, but I could still see her standing there alone .. â€Å" 3. What are the unique features of Desai’s prose style ? Ans. Desai is part of a new literary tradition of Indian writing in English which dates back only to the 30s or 40s. She explains that this is because at one time all literature was recited rather than read and that remains the tradition in India. It is still rather a strange act to buy a book and read it, an unusual thing to do. Her new style of writing is also different from that of many Indian writers, as it is much less conservative than Indian literature has been in the past. For these reasons, she says, she is not widely read in India, mainly in Indian universities if at all. Throughout her novels, childrens books, and short stories, Desai focuses on personal struggles and problems of contemporary life that her Indian characters must cope with. She maintains that her primary goal is to discover the truth that is nine-tenths of the iceberg that lies submerged beneath the one-tenth visible portion we call Reality. She portrays the cultural and social changes that India has undergone as she focuses on the incredible power of family and society and the relationships between family members, paying close attention to the trials of women suppressed by Indian society. Desai is praised for her broad understanding on intellectual issues, and for her ability to portray her country so vividly with the way the eastern and western cultures have blended there. 4) Write the character sketch of Daga . Ans. Daga was a contractor who earned huge amount of money. As money begets money, he piled up bundles of notes by hook or by crook. He was involved in the quagmire of immoral deeds like murder, kidnapping, trafficking etc. He had an unsatiating appetite for money and he blew it up on women and alcohol. There was nothing congenial or friendly in Daga’s personality. He did not think twice before slashing anybody from his scheme of life but if someone tried to leave his gang, he would akin it an act of treacherous absconder. For example, there was a man Kannan who wanted to leave Daga’s world of heinous crime but no sooner than this news reached Daga’s ear, he was murdered. When Kailas extricated himself from the company of Daga, he could not take it casually. In spite of Kailas’ escaping to a far off place, in fact a continent away, he managed to find him. To Kailas’ utter discomfort, his greed of money is not quashed. He demanded fifty thousand rupees from him. Kailas tried his level best to make him understand that his current job did not flourish him with unlimited money but Daga was not ready to listen. He was violent enough to have forgotten that Kailas once used to work for him. He used harsh body language while dealing with Kailas. â€Å"If you run again, I will kill you, no matter which gutter you hide in. Tomorrow this time. Fifty thousand. † This threat sent the shivers down Kailas’ spine. He knew that Daga was a killer and that hunting lodge was an ideal place for his murder to be taken place without any news of it to anybody. Finally Daga meets his death as a murderer should die. 5) Write a note on suitability of the title â€Å" Panch Parmeshwar’ . Ans. The story ‘Panch Parmeshwar’ deals with the supremact of

Ethics & defined Essay Example for Free

Ethics defined Essay Ethics is commonly defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of people. Gender is the social dimension of being male or female. Most people acquired gender identity by the age of three. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities. No nation can be expected to wage war with one hand tied behind its back, but ethical issues of most profound nature are raised anytime. Once the actuality of possibility of war becomes the context within which we live, men and women are forced into set roles. Gender serves as a medium or vector for war’s presence in our innermost social settings. This essay will discuss these ethical issues in war and their link to gender. Discrimination is one of the ethical issues in war. Women have always participated to some extent in combat, but several recent wars have seen them fighting on the front lines. While the roles of female ex-combatants vary widely the women seem to share one unfortunate characteristic, limited access to benefits when peace and demobilisation come. This is also true for girls abducted for sexual services and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving community. These groups are often neglected during mobilisation and reintegration; or at best women, girls, and boys may receive equal benefits but are treated as a homogenous group which prevents specific needs being addressed. (Goldstein, 2001 pg207-212) Sexual violence especially on women especially rape has its own brand of shame to recent wars. From conflicts in Bosnia, Peru and Rwanda women have been singled out for rape, imprisonment, torture and execution. Systematic rape is often used as a weapon of ethnic cleansing. More than 20, 000 Muslim girls and women have been raped in Bosnia since fighting began in 1992. Impregnated girls have been forced to bear the enemy’s child. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg12) Sexual violence of women erodes the fabric of community in a way that few weapons can. Rape’s damage can be devastating because of strong communal reaction to the violation and pain stamped on entire families. The harm inflicted in such cases in a woman by a rapist is an attack on her family and culture, as in many societies women are viewed as repositories of a community’s cultural and spiritual values. (UN, 2005 pg8) In addition to rape, girls and women are also subject to forced prostitution and trafficking during times of war sometimes with complicity of governments and military authorities. During World War II, women were abducted, imprisoned and forced to satisfy the sexual needs of occupying forces and many Asian women were also involved in prostitution during the Vietnam War. The trend continues in today’s conflicts. Nearly 80 percent of the 53 million people displaced by wars today are women and children. Refugee families frequently cite rape as the key factor influencing in their decision to seek refuge. (Alison, 2007pg78-83) The high risk of inflection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, accompanies all sexual violence against women and girls. The movement of refugees and marauding military units and the breakdown of health services and public education worsen the impact of diseases and chances for treatment. The exchange of sex for protection during the civil war in Uganda in the 1980’s was a contributing factor to the country’s high rate of AIDS. (UN, 2005 pg131) Women suffer a double victimisation, in that they were compelled against their will to join the armed forces and today they are victimised by society for having played a combative role in the conflict. They are treated with hostility suspicion for ‘breaching’ both gender and sex roles. These women are largely excluded from disarmament and reintegration programmes of Sierra Leones peace process which favour men and boys. This especially occurs in Sierra Leone. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg7) Men and boys are also victims of gender based sexual violence during war. Women are raped as a way to humiliate the men they are related to, who are often forced to watch the assault. In societies where ethnicity is inherited through the male line, ‘enemy’ women are raped and forced to bear children. Sexual violation of children has devastating effects. The experience of captivity and sexual destroys a girl’s sense of home and security, of self worth and power of the possibility of safe interpersonal relationships, indeed of any future at all. Men tend to greatly underreport experiences of sexual violence. They may have doubts about their sexuality and fear infertility. (Carpenter, 2003 pg 661-694) A war is only just if it is fought for a good reason. A country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that there is a just cause for doing so. Just war theory is the most influential perspective on ethics of war and peace. For a war to be just there must be a just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, proper authority and public declaration, a last resort, probability of success, and proportionality. Pacifism is also an ethical issue in war. Pacifism rejects war in favour of peace. It is not violence in all its forms that the most challenging kind of pacifism objects to: rather is the specific kind and degree of violence that wars involves which the pacifists objects to. They object to killing in general and particular mass killing for political reasons, which is part and parcel of the war time experience. Most women are generally pacifists as compared to males. People are pacifists for one or some of these reasons: religious faith, non-religious belief in the sanctity of life and practical belief that war is wasteful and ineffective. Pacifism cannot be national policy as it only works when no one wants to attack your country or if the nation with whom you are in dispute is also committed to pacifism. Because most societies regard going to war as fulfilling a citizens’ ethical duty, they honour those who give their lives in war. If there is believe in war governed by ethics we should only honour those who give their lives in a just war and who followed the rules of war. It should be wrong to honour dead soldiers who killed the enemy or wounded or raped enemy women. (Harris and King, 1989 pg78) (Goldstein 2001) defines war as lethal inter group violence and feminism as an ideology opposing male domination and promoting gender equality. Cross cultural consistency of gender wars is pervasive and not universal. Women have fought in wars but are portrayed as exceptions to the gender rule that men are warriors. Gender exclusion from combat is by policy choice not by physical ability, women can and do fight. There is no support for arguments regarding predisposition to aggression and little support for the hypothesised link between testosterone and aggression. Gender is portrayed as a weapon to humiliate a military opponent or to discredit peace activism and political dissent from military policy. A recent example is, Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfield’s remark about â€Å"media mood swings† in regard to criticism of the war in Iraqi, a reference clearly intended to evoke the archetype of the â€Å"irrational† menstrual/menopausal women. Rape in war as well as military homophobia underlies exclusion of policies aimed at sexual minorities. Neither men nor women benefit from war at the expense of the other, both genders lose in war. Neither genetics per se, nor hormones (males or female) nor male bonding nor women’s innate pacifism explain gendered war roles. (Suzzane, 2002 Pg 407). The interdependence between war and gender is obscure. However it is clear that it is not soldiers who make war but societies that make war. War does not happen without women’s knowledge cooperation, and participation, however few or many actually take up arms and engage in battle. War is based on a dominatory approach to relationships in which the usual overriding aim is to get the better of or overcome the other who is framed as an opponent or competitor. Gender as we know it, which positions men as dominant and characterises them as aggressive and heroic, is fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is an expression. The human resources of moral sensibility and decency have been buried or seriously depleted. The impetus towards peace that is so necessary in ending of violence conflict is diminished by the discouragement of half the population from active participation. A gendered perspective of human security enables a more advanced understanding of the perspectives of those involved in conflict including victims’ perpetrators and decision makers.(Zeigler and Gilbert, 2006) References Alison, M. (2007) Wartime Sexual Violence: Women’s human rights and questions of masculinity, Review of International Studies Pg 75-90 Carpenter, R. C, â€Å"Women and Children First†: gender norms and humanitarian evacuation in the Balkans, International Organization 5, 7, 4, 2003, Pg 661-694 Cohn, C â€Å"Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals, Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 1987 Pg 687-78 NO1101 Harris, A and King, Y (eds) Rocking the ship of state: Towards a feminist peace politics, Bovider, C. O West view press 1989. Human Rights Watch (HRW) 2000: Rape as a weapon of Ethnic cleansing HRW, March 1. Jousha S. Goldstein (2001) War and Gender: How Gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press Pg 201-213. Moser N, and Clark F (eds), victims, Perpetrators or Actors: Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence; London Zed Books 2001, V. 64. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s studies Gender Issues. Rosemarie Skaing (1999) Women at War: Gender issues of Americans in combat: McFarland and Company: North Carolina and London ‘Symposium on war and Gender, (2003) (Reviews of Goldstein’s Book) Perspectives on policies, 1, 2, 330-347 The state of World’s Children 1996. UNICEF United Nations (2005): Africa Renewal â€Å"Sexual Violence, an ‘invisible war crime’ Warren, J and Cady, L (1994) Feminism and Peace: Seeing connections’ Hypatia special Issue on Feminism and peace Pg 7-14. HQ1101. World Bank (2002) Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs, Africa Region Working Paper Series 33 Zeigler, S and Gilbert, G (2006) The Gendered Dimensions of Conflicts Aftermath; A

Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Plasma Nitrates

Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Plasma Nitrates OBSERVATION AND RESULT 7. Observation and Result 7.1 Behavioral Parameters Values are expressed MEAN ±SEM, n = 6, ** = P Fig. 7.1 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Behavioral Parameters on Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. 7.2 Biochemical Estimation Values are expressed MEAN ±SEM, n = 6, ** = P Fig. 7.2 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on different Biochemical Parameters in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. Fig. 7.3 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on glutathione reductase activity in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice. 8. Discussion Behavioral parameters are the primary evidence to confirm anxiety as well as anti-anxiety effect of treatments. All the parameters are based on pathophysiology of anxiety because anxiety or fear is evaluated through stress or immobilization of animal like mice and rats. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) After immobilization of animals for 3hr, the drug treatment was started for all groups except negative control. Time spent in open arm and closed arm were observed. Time spent in open arm were significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg 175 ±2.2046 sec. as compared with negative control (258 ±3.2018 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark area which was shows in negative control. Force Swim Test (FST) Time cycle in seconds was count in all groups. Time cycle per five minute were significantly increased (P>0.001) in Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (20 ±4.2044) compared with negative control (25 ±2.5421). Light and Dark Test After immobilization of animals for 3 hr, the drug treatment was started for all groups except negative control. Time spent in light and dark area was observed. Time spent in light area were significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (178 ±3.5041 sec.) as compared with negative control (58 ±2.1245 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark area which was shows in negative control. Open Field Test (OFT) OFT is the test to evaluate anti- anxiety effect as well as to compare the statistics with actophotometer because each squire in OFT is 10 Ãâ€"10 cm and each electrode’s difference in actophotometer is 6 cm so the reading should be double in OFT. Animal in control group were shows significant walk fullness in OFT (45 ±2.2405 sec.). After administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg, the animal was shows significant effect (P>0.001). Rearing is the parameter in OFT which shows alertness of animals. After administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg the animal was shows significant effect (P>0.001) in 38 ±4.0510 sec. compared with negative control (18 ±2.5402 sec.). The gaseous messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from its precursor L-arginine by a family of three NO Synthases (NOS), designated as â€Å"neuronal† NOS-I, â€Å"inducible† NOS-II and â€Å"endothelial† NOS-III. In the adult brain, the inducible iso form NOS-II is present only at very low levels in microglia and immune cells, while â€Å"endothelial† NOS-III is expressed predominantly in the vasculature. Whether or not this isoform is also expressed in neural cells, is still a matter of debate but data arguing for this are only sparse. The quantitatively major source for NO in the CNS thus is the â€Å"neuronal† isoform NOS-I present in approximately 1% of all neurons. Nitrinergic transmission is especially important in limbic structures, in the basal ganglia where NO regulates striatal output and in the cerebellum. NO exerts multiple action in the CNS and from animal studies, it has been suggested that it is involved in behavioral p rocesses such as learning and memory formation. Pathologies of the NO pathway have been implicated in almost every major neuropsychiatric disorder including Schizophrenia, affective disorders, Alcoholism, Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson and Huntington’s disease. For some of these disorders, NOS-I has also been identified as a risk gene in human case-control association studies. The role of NO in the regulation of normal human brain functioning however is still unclear, although first genetic studies argue for a function of NOS-I in the regulation of impulsive behaviors. In a second series of experiments, we investigated whether NOS-I knockdown animals have cognitive deficits. Plasma nitrates level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (52.23 ±2.1401sec.) as compared with negative control (74.24 ±2.2406). In fear or anxiety, animal were showed increased level of plasma nitrates which was shows in negative control. iNOS level was significantly increased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (78.37 ±3.2131sec.) as compared with negative control (26.23 ±2.5470 sec.). In addition to its role in cholinergic transmission, substantial evidence has accumulated over the last two decades which suggests a non- cholinergic neuromodulatory function for AChE. Few studies have demonstrated that the expression of AChE during early development correlate closely with the major phase of neurite outgrowth. Layer et al. have showed that AChE inhibitors have been shown to retard neuritic outgrowth in a dose dependent manner in retinal ganglion cells, dorsal root ganglion and sympathetic ganglion neurons. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the morphogenic effects of AChE in both in vivo and in vitro systems. AChE is known to regulate the neuritic outgrowth and survival of cultured neurons and also has morphogenic and axogenic role in the developing nervous system. In addition, AChE has a role in cell growth and survival. These functions are considered to be the non-classical roles of this classical enzyme. Furthermore, ACh is also known to enhance the ne uritic outgrowth and in turning of the nerve growth cones. These studies, together with the present demonstration of increased dendritic arborization in the hippocampus, suggest that chronic drug administration induces AChE activity which in turn might modulate dendritic branching pattern in specific brain regions. Ach level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (53.26 ±2.0987 sec.) as compared with negative control (81.23 ±3.0245 sec.). The efficacy of this plant extract toward the transmitters was significant. MAO regulates metabolic degradation of catecholamine, serotonin and other endogenous amines in CNS. Inhibition of this enzyme causes reduction of metabolism of these transmitters and subsequent increase of these biogenic amines. MAO-A level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (56.6 ±3.3245 sec.) as compared with negative control (86.1 ±2.3024 sec.). MAO-B level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (44.8 ±3.2431 sec.) as compared with negative control (73.4 ±2.2061 sec.). Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased (P>0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (1478.5 ±3.2436 sec.) as compared with negative control (1634 ±2.2102 sec.). All values are expressed in U/I. Glutathione reductase level was decreased after administration of extract of Semecarpus anacardium at dose 200 mg/kg in mice. Glutathione reductase is the enzyme which increases in anxiety and depression. This enzyme secretes from hippocampus region of brain. The level of this enzyme was significantly reduced in mice compared with vehicle treated control group. On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical estimation, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and other chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control. 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The present study is designed to evaluate â€Å"Effect of Semecarpus anacardium on plasma nitrates on stress induced anxiety in mice†. Behavioral parameters show following result: After administration of Semecarpus anacardium Time spent in open arm in Elevated Plus Maze, Time cycle per five minute in Force Swim Test, Time spent in light area in Light and Dark Test, No. of Squire Cross in Open Field Test was significantly increased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control. Biochemical Estimations show following result: Plasma nitrates level, Ach level, MAO-A level, MAO-B level, Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control. iNOS level was significantly increased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg as compared with negative control. On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical estimation, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and other chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control. 6. Materials Methods 6.1 Materials Collection Authentication The plant Semecarpus anacardium has been taken from local market authenticated from Department of Botany Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar M.P. Herbarium No. Bot./her/A/1124. Extraction procedure 6.3.1 Petroleum ether extract: The whole plant nuts was cleaned and shaded dried for 10-15 days. The dried nuts were pulverized by an electrical blender and nut paste obtained. About 30-40 g of the nut paste was subject for extraction with 400 ml of Petroleum ether solvent by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hrs. Constant heats of 50 60 0C provided by Mantox heater of Soxhlet for recycling the solvent. The extract was concentrate using Rotary evaporator at 60 0C for 20 min at a speed of 5m/s. The concentrated extract kept in refrigerator at 4 0C for further use. (50) 6.3.2 Ethanol extract: The nuts were shed dried for about 20 days and then subsequent to reduce coarse drug particle into fine powder using pestle and mortar. The extraction was carrying out by ethanol solvent Soxhlet extraction techniques. Solvent used consecutively with gradient polarity. The extract evaporated to complete dryness by using vacuum distillation and kept in refrigerator for further use. (51) Phytochemical screening 6.4.1 Tests for Alkaloids Mayer’s Test: Extract treated with Mayer’s reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide). Formation of a yellow coloured precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Wagner’s Test: Extract treated with Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide). Formation of brown/reddish precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Dragendroff’s Test: Extract treated with Dragendroff’s reagent (solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide). Formation of red precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids. Hager’s Test: Extract treated with Hager’s reagent (saturated picric acid solution). Presence of alkaloids confirm by the formation of yellow coloured precipitate. Tannic acid test: Extract treated with 10% Tannic acid solution. Alkaloids gave buff colour precipitate. (52) 6.4.2 Detection of Phenols Bromine water test: Test solution treated with few milliliters of bromine water. Formation of yellow precipitate indicated presence of Phenols. Ferric chloride test: Test solution gave blue green colour with ferric chloride. (53) 6.4.3 Detection of Saponins Emulsion test: 1 ml of the extract filtrate added to few drops of olive oil. The mixture added to another two drops of olive. The mixture shakes and observed for the formation of emulsion. Frothing test: 1 ml of the extract filtrate diluted with 4 ml of distilled water. The mixture was shake vigorously and then observed on standing for a stable froth. 6.4.4 Detection Steroids and Triterepenoids Libermann- Buchard test: Extract treated with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil and cool, conc. Sulphuric acid added from the sides of the test tube. Formation of a brown ring at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turns green which shows the presence of Steroids and formation of deep red colour indicated the presence of Triterepenoids. Salkowski test: Treated extract in Chloroform with few drops of cone. Sulphuric acid, shaked well and allowed standing for some time, red colour appeared at the lower layer indicates the presence of Steroids and formation of yellow coloured lower layer indicated the presence of Triterepenoids. 6.4.5 Detection of Tannins Lead sub-acetate test: 1 ml of the filtrate added to 3 drops of the lead sub-acetate solution. A cream gelatinous precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride test: 1 ml of the filtrate diluted with distilled water and added with 2 drops of ferric chloride. A transient greenish to black colour indicated the presence of tannins. 6.4.6 Detection of Flavonoids Shinoda test (Magnesium Hydrochloride reduction test): To the test Solution, added few fragments of Magnesium ribbon and added concentrate Hydrochloric acid drop wise, pink scarlet, crimson red or occasionally green to blue colour appeared after few minutes. Alkaline reagent test: To the test solution added few drops of sodium hydroxide solution; formation of an intense yellow colour, which turned to Colourless on addition of few drops of dil. acid, indicated presence of Flavonoids. Ammonium test: A quantity (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shaking with 1 ml of dilute ammonia solution (1%). The layers allowed to separating. A yellow coloration at the ammonia layer indicates the presence of Flavonoids. Aluminium chloride test: A quantity (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shake with 1 ml of 1% aluminium chloride solution and observed for light yellow coloration. A yellow precipitate indicated the presence of Flavonoids. 6.4.7 Detection of Anthraquinones 1. Dilute sulphuric acid (5 ml) added to 0.1 g of the test extract in a test tube and boil for 15 min in a water bath. It was then cool and neutralize with 20% potassium hydroxide solution. A mixture, 10 ml of equal parts of Fehling’s solution A and B will add and boil for 5 min. A more dense red precipitate indicated the presence of glycoside. 2. About 0.5 ml of extract taken and subject to the following tests.1 ml of glacial acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride and 1ml of concentrate sulphuric acid added to the extract and observed for the formation of the reddish brown colouration at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turned bluish green showed presence of Glycosides. Pharmacological Screening 6.5.1 Animal: Mice required as Animal model Body weight: 25 gms. Floor area per animal: 15 in2. Cage height: 5 inch. Temperature: 64 ° to 79 °F (18 ° to 26 °C). Relative Humidity: 40% to 70%. Number of air changes per hour: 10 – 15. Light levels: 30 foot-candles. Duration of Light: 12 -14 hours. Duration of Darkness: 10 12 hours. 6.5.3 Biochemical Estimation 6.5.3.1 Plasma Nitrate estimation: Plasma nitrate were measured by spectrophotomeric assay based on Griess reaction. Blood were withdrawn from tail vein of mice and plasma were using cooling centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 min. Plasma were mixed with equal volumes of Griess reagent (1% Sulphanilamide+ 0.1% naphthylelediamine dihydrochloride+ 2.5 % phosphoric acid) and incubated at room temp for 10 min. to yield a chromophore. Absorbance was read at 543 nm spectophotometrically.(59) 6.5.3.2 i NOS estimation: Sample collection After the behavioral tests, three mice from each group was deeply anesthetized and perfuse with 4% paraformaldehyde for subsequent Nissl staining. The other animals were anesthetized and kill; blood was collected and brains were removed. Blood, anticoagulated with 1.5% EDTA centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected. All these samples stored at −80 °C for further analysis. RNA extraction and reverse transcription Total RNA extracted from the brain tissue using Trizol reagent. Total mRNA (1 ÃŽ ¼g) was transcribed using Quant script cDNA RT Kits according to the manufacturer’s manual. Briefly, RNA (1 ÃŽ ¼g) pretreated with DNA-free DNase treatment and removal reagents. RNA samples incubated with a mixture consisting of containing dNTPs, random primers, 10Ãâ€" RT mix, Quant Reverse Transcriptase, a reverse transcriptase and RNase-free water to a final volume of 10 ÃŽ ¼l at 37 °C for 1 h. Real-time RT-PCR cDNA l used for quantification of mRNA by real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR will perform on an Applied Rotor-Gene 3000 under the following conditions: iNOS and GAPDH for 40 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 63 °C for 60 s, and 72 °C for 90 s. Relative quantitative measurements of target gene levels was performed using the ΔCt method, where Ct is the threshold concentration. GAPDH used as endogenous control to normalize gene expression data, and an RQ value calculated for each sample. RQ values was presented as fold change in gene expression relative to the control group, which normalized to 1. (60) The activity was expressed as m moles hydrolyzed per min per gram of tissue. AChE activity was statistically analyzed by Student’s Statistical analysis The statistical analysis carried out as per standard method. All result expressed as MEAN ±SEM. Groups of data were compared with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by dunnett’s t-test values for statistical significance. Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar M.P. Page 1

The Growth of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

The Growth of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club Every twelve months of every year the seasons change from spring, summer, fall and then winter.   The cycle repeats itself every year having similar weather conditions as the previous season before.   Like the four seasons mother and daughter are very similar in the way they change and grow throughout time.   A mother learns from her mother and then passes on her morals and rituals on to her daughters.   As the daughters grow with age they have a tendency to take on many qualities of their mothers such as their cultural ways and some day they will pass these traits onto their children.   Through years of experience and hard work, Amy Tan shows the viewers the experiences of the mother and daughters while growing up in Chinese and American lifestyles. Many of the women in the novel had great characteristics, which represented them as strong and faithful women.   One example of this is An-Mei and her daughter Rose.   When An-Mei was a child her mother was not in her life, she had re-married a man name Wu-Tsing, and she was then known as a concubine.   An-Mei’s mother was the third wife of three and in a Chinese family, re-marrying after being a widow is a shameful act.   An-Mei did eventually meet her mother and she learned a great deal from her.   She was always told to wear her best clothes when she was in the presence of her family and she even taught An-Mei a recipe that was intended to save lives.   Popo An-Mei’s mother was dying and this is what she told her daughter Rose.   â€Å"This is how a daughter honors her mother.   It is shou so deep it is in your bones.   The pain of flesh is nothing.   The pain you must forget.   Because sometimes that is the only way to remember what is in your bones.   You must peel off your skin, and that of your mothers, and her mother before her.   Until there is nothing.   No scar, no skin, no flesh.† (Tan 41)   An-mei’s mother had removed a chunk of flesh from her arm; it had her blood, her mother’s blood, and her grandmother’s blood in it.   In this ritual a life was supposed to be saved, it was considered magic.  Ã‚   An-Mei left with her mother to live with her and her new husband after her popo passed away.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet on the Western Front 1. In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, the German soldiers were sent into the battlefield thinking that they were going to win. The inexperienced boys were persuaded in to fighting and dying for the victory of their country. This brought on a profound sense of disillusionment with the values of Western Civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the German soldier’s view they were looking to win the war and take over territory. Such as in Napoleon’s time, in which his values was to imperialize weaker countries. The Germans and Napoleon both possessed selfish movies instead of looking through the victim’s perspectives but rather looking to satisfy and protect their own desires and needs. This disillusioned the soldiers into fighting proudly for their homeland but never turning back to consider the possible downfalls in going into the western front. By the time the battle of the Somme ended, the German death toll in defense was 164,055, which was a disaster for the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Renaissance, European countries chose to break out of the Dark ages and reform and to modernize society. The values in reconstruction produced a sense of disillusionment with the actions that took place on the Western Front. The soldiers on the front were devastated during the first bombardment and all the mental and physical conditions of the soldiers deteriorated from that point on. The values of the Renaissance were the opposite of those that arose on the battlefield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fantasy of solving their own national problems disabled Germans in viewing other countries war aims. Over confidence destroyed the troops. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, young inexperienced German soldiers eagerly enter World War I, but their enthusiasm “wears thin'; as they experience the horrors of the war. Slowly, they start to adapt to the cynicism of the veterans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The innocent boys started turning into men when they broke into pieces under the first bombardment in the trenches. The soldiers start to be beaten down, both emotionally and physically. They experienced near starvation, attacks by rats in the trenches, long stretches of boredom, seeing death of friends, and separation from family and friends. War makes a man inhuman. War change people. It makes people numb to violence in society and slowly adapt to cynicism. After 3 years of mental and physical battle, the troops, like the veterans, who have lived under these situations even longer, become misanthropic.

Uniform Essay

Uniform Essay Although many people may not agree with me or perhaps call me a loser and a nerd I do believe that uniforms should be made mandatory in school and this is of course for plenty of well supported reasons. First off even if you don’t notice it right away uniforms will help you prepare for the future. Also much money is saved and finally much time is saved and much hassle is avoided. First, one of the main reasons I support uniforms is because they are a greatly underappreciated form of success. Have you ever noticed that most stores that you go to the employees are in uniform? This of course is mandatory and if they fail to dress out they will not be allowed to work or in worse case scenarios be fired. Many students against uniforms might argue that you should be able to show that you are unique but really what do you think is going to happen if you go to your job dressed up in whatever clothes you want even though there is a dress code? Many students don’t notice or perhaps don’t want to believe that uniforms are helpful in anyway but let’s be honest, they are. As previously stated, money is an issue to many people and even if it is not who does not want to save some? With uniforms being mandatory at schools parents only have to go to the uniform store and buy a couple of pairs for their children while if there is no dress code you have to buy expensive clothing and spend time in multiple stores looking for it. Many will argue and say how is having a uniform pairs of clothing and a going out pairs of clothing saving us money and the answer to that is simple, uniforms are cheap and are created with a great deal of resilience which means they will last a very long time and much money will not be spent them. Also in response to the previous argument wearing non uniform clothing to school requires more and more clothes to be bought when something gets â€Å"out of style† or outdated and that in the long run is defiantly more expensive. Last but not least, if you are a person like me who gets to school right before the late bell rings you don’t need another excuse to take longer getting dressed out. Not having a uniform at your school may seem great and all but have you ever thought about how much time you spend looking for what you are going to wear? Students might argue that no uniforms will give them an incentive to wake up for school but in reality it is giving them an incentive to be late to school. I use to go to a middle school with no uniform policy and it was such a hassle for me and I’m sure t is for many other people too, I would have to wake up earlier look for the clothes I wanted to wear and about 90% of the time get to school late. In conclusion, I do believe uniforms should be made mandatory in school but more than likely that is not going to happen due to all the complaints and arguments about them. It truly is tragic that people don’t see what is good for them until it is too l ate. Uniforms allow money and time to be saved and better yet they prepare you for the future, what else could you ask for from clothing?

Protestant Reformation and Hamlet S Character

To Do or Not To Do? How many times does one find themselves shirking responsibilities they accepted, or avoiding promises they made? One who often finds himself in such situations, will most likely be able to relate with William Shakespeare’s character, Hamlet. In Hamlet, Hamlet is commanded by his father’s ghost to avenge his murder. Whenever Hamlet is presented with an opportunity to do so, he delays his action. Hamlet’s inability to act is a product of the time period during which the play was written. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet during the 1600s in Elizabethan England, during the time of the Renaissance and the Reformation. The Renaissance and Reformation’s belief in ghosts, ways of thinking, views on revenge, and doubts about the afterlife cause Hamlet’s inability to act on his father’s request. The effects of the Renaissance and the Reformation on Hamlet’s character, are manifest even before he meets the ghost. Formal mourning was taken seriously during the Renaissance, and most had people heeded a custom (which was usually upheld by a law) which forbade a widow to remarry earlier than a year following the death of her husband. In the start of the play, following his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage, Hamlet enters with his suit of black, complete with mourning cloak and hood. At this point, Hamlet is already established as a Renaissance figure. Furthermore, Hamlet asks Gertrude and Claudius if he can return to university. Gertrude replies â€Å"go not to Wittenberg† (1. 2. 119). Hamlet studied at Wittenberg, a center of the Reformation. Hamlet’s past behavior gives evidence that he is affected by the Renaissance and the Reformation. The effect that the Renaissance and Reformation have on his actions is most apparent in his inability to avenge his father’s murder. Hamlet learns from the ghost of his father that his death had been a murder, and that â€Å"the serpent that did sting thy father's life now wears his crown† (1. 5. 46-47). The ghost asks Hamlet to â€Å"Avenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (1. 5. 26). Hamlet is eager to undertake this responsibility, and says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift / As mediation or the thoughts of love / May sweep to my revenge† (1. 5. 30-32). But in actuality, Hamlet rethinks his commitment, and procrastinates. One instance of Hamlet procrastination is when he decides that he will not kill Claudius until he has actual proof of Claudius’s crime. Hamlet presents Claudius with a play. One sene of the play â€Å"comes near the circumstance,† (3. 2. 76) it’s plot is similar to Old Hamlet’s murder. Hamlet tells Horatio to â€Å"Observe mine uncle. If his occulted guilt / do not itself unkennel in one speech† (3. 2. 79-80). Hamlet wants Horatio to detect any sign of Claudius’s remorse or guilt. Why does Hamlet suddenly begin to doubt the reality of the ghost? Hamlet’s uncertainty is due to his protestant upbringing. â€Å"[Hamlet] attended Wittenberg, a Protestant school . . . and Protestants did not believe in ghosts† (Neuman). The Reformation had given rise to a new faction of the Church, the Protestants. Hamlet was educated by Protestants, who didn’t believe in ghosts, therefore he is reluctant to accept the ghost’s message. Hamlet’s hesitation to believe the ghost can also be related to Renaissance skepticism. Renaissance humanism and individualism, emphasized the belief in human reason, and Humanists started challenging and questioning the world around them. Hamlet is affected by Renaissance skepticism, and therefore is suspicious of the ghost’s reality. Another obstacle that stood in the way of Hamlets revenge was the opposition of the church and state, of Renaissance English, to taking revenge. The state viewed revenge as taking the law into one’s one hands and undermining the political authority of the state. They felt that the right and correct response to the original crime would be to allow the legal system to take over. The church disproved of revenge because they considered it disgraceful and a result of jealousy and hatred. In their opinion, God was the ultimate avenger. Hamlet’s struggles between society’s opposition to revenge and his own personal desire to avenge his father’s death. The belief of the afterlife is another cause for Hamlet’s inaction, lies in. The Protestant Reformation caused many debates about the existence of Purgatory and the road to Heaven. Catholics believe that â€Å"how we behave – will determine where in the afterlife you will eventually end up† (Zammit). One who dies in â€Å"God’s grace and friendship and [is] perfectly purified, live[s] forever in [heaven]. † If one dies and is still â€Å"imperfectly purified,† he will â€Å"undergo purification† (biblehistory) in Purgatory. If one dies â€Å"in a state of mortal sin, [he will] descend into hell† (Catechism of the Catholic Church). On the other hand, Protestants believe that anyone who accepts Jesus, receives him by faith and repents will go to Heaven. Those who reject God are sent to Hell, a place of torment and separation from God. Purgatory is never explicitly mentioned in the bible, therefore Protestants reject the Roman Catholic teaching that there is also a transitional place or process of purification of the soal. According to the Protestants, there is no Purgatory. Hamlet is unsure about the afterlife. At times he accepts the Catholic view, and at other times he trusts the Protestant view. Hamlet is presented with a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius. He approaches a kneeling, praying Claudius, but â€Å"he is consumed with the Christian notion of the afterlife. The conception that if one died while in prayer, they would automatically go to heaven† (A Christian Excuse for Cruelty). Hamlet wants to kill Claudius â€Å"when he is drunk asleep, or in his rage,/ Or in th'incestuous pleasure of his bed,/ At gaming, swearing, or about some act/ That has no relish of salvation in't† (3. 3. 89) so that Claudius will go to Hell. Although in the pervious instance, Hamlet leans towards the Catholic approach, he later discusses his uncertainty about the afterlife. Hamlet feels that if he cannot act, he can at least kill himself to escape his situation. But, in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy, Hamlet dismisses his suicidal plans because of his doubts about the afterlife. As Smith points out, at one point in his soliloquy, Hamlet â€Å"thinks for a moment that [death] may be like a deep sleep,† which seems like a fairly pleasant situation. But then, Hamlet wonders, â€Å"To sleep: Perchance to dream: ay there’s the rub; / For in that sleep of death what dreams may come† (3. 1). Hamlet is afraid of the dreams of the after life, the â€Å"pains that the afterlife might bring† (Smith). Hamlet continues to discuss the â€Å"dread of something after death,† and comes to reject his plans of committing suicide because of his dubiousness of the afterlife. Hamlet’s inability to act is largely a byproduct of the time period during which he lived. Hamlet was influenced by society’s views, doubts and beliefs. Even today, people’s actions are largely effected by the characteristics of the time period, and by society's pressures.

Silver Fiddle

Silver Fiddle Construction 1) Identify potential risks associated with this project. Try to come up with at least five different risks. Now that we have clearly defined the key aspects and variables associated with this project. A brief description of the risks I identified begins with Silver Fiddle’s practice of using subcontractors. * Silver Fiddle routinely subcontracts build work to local subcontractors. As previously discussed, Silver Fiddle is scheduled to build eleven homes this year, and these homes will be built in a local housing market which can be described as â€Å"booming†.Since the Czopek home is scheduled to be built within five months, our concern is that there will be a lack of subcontractors available to work on the home, given the booming housing market and the multiple homes being constructed simultaneously. We feel a well-designed time estimation based upon parametric procedures would help identify when specific subcontractors would be needed, allo wing Silver Fiddle to â€Å"book† each subcontractor for the correct time required in advance. Simply put, parametric procedures are methods of estimating based upon data from past projects.This old data is then used to devise a cost, or in this case, a timeline, which is relevant to the new procedure. This is based upon the similarities between the legacy project data and the current project scope. These similarities are key for parametric procedures to yield accurate estimates. An alternate means of mitigating this risk is to identify a secondary set of subcontractors who are not in the local area and likely to be available during the forecasted time. * The next risk we identified was the possibility of not meeting the five month deadline for completion.We felt this was in part due to a lack of equipment and manpower. Since Silver Fiddle will be completing eleven other homes, the availability of their organic, or in house workers, along with their high-cost, high-use, limit ed availability equipment such as Earth movers, excavators and the like, may be restricted * The availability of building supplies is another risk we feel is relevant to the project. With a number of other homes being built by Silver Fiddle coupled with a brisk housing market comprised of other homes being uilt simultaneously by other builders, a shortage of building materials is a real possibility. Since Silver Fiddle specializes in custom built homes, there is also a possibility that the Czopek have selected their home particulars, such as fixtures and other details from local vendors who may or may not have those items in stock when the time comes to purchase and install them. Other supplies in short demand could be items such as lumber, concrete, plywood, shingles, drywall and other construction materials. * Since Silver Fiddle only employs a bookkeeper part time, we feel this presents an opportunity for risk.Without a full-time bookkeeper, it would be easy for Silver Fiddle to lose track of costs, manpower scheduling and severely impede their ability to monitor the overall progress of the project. Additionally, we feel this could also prevent Silver Fiddle from having real-time evaluation capability of other aspects of the project. * The final significant risk my firm identified is the possibility of not meeting the established budget ceiling of $320,000. There are many variables which we feel could cause the cost of build to exceed the budget.Some of those variables include having to pay a premium for in-demand subcontractors, the cost of buying and shipping materials and/or unique detailed items not locally available, and the rising cost of fuel for heavy construction equipment. Another variable which could cause the project to exceed the budget is scope creep. We feel that developing a responsible time-phased budget along with the establishment of common sense phase gates would help reduce unexpected costs and ensure the project remained on track finan cially. ) Use a risk assessment matrix similar to figure 7. 4 to analyze identified risks. The risk assessment form at Figure 1 provides a graphic representation of the risks we previously introduced and identified. Although in our previous discussion, we provided detailed information about each risk, the risk assessment form includes additional information on our evaluation of the likelihood and impact of each risk. Figure 1. Risk Assessment Form Risk Event| Likelihood| Impact| Detection Difficulty|Lack of preferred subcontractors| 3| 4| 2| Exceeding five month deadline| 4| 2| 2| Lack of available building supplies| 2| 3| 1| Inadequate oversight due to bookkeeper continuity| 4| 4| 1| Exceeding the budget| 2| 4| 1| In reviewing the likelihood and impact data from Figure 1, it is clear we feel that it is very likely that the project will exceed the five month deadline and, without proactive measures now, inadequate oversight will result from the current bookkeeper arrangement.The hig h likelihood we assign to exceeding the time limit is due to a great number of variables upon which the construction time is dependent. Should any one of these variables, such as lack of personnel, key equipment, supplies, etc. become problematic, it would impact other dependent variables, ultimately causing the project to exceed the deadline. Additionally, the customers have already expressed their preference to extend the deadline if it means a cost savings, and that is another scenario which may impact the completion date.The fact that the customer has given approval for extending the due date in favor of saving money demonstrates that a firm deadline is not a major consideration for the customer and is the reason we assign an impact factor of 2 for this event. On the other hand, we assigned a likelihood factor of 2 to exceeding the budget since we feel the budget will be scrutinized over the life of the build, reducing the likelihood that it will become an issue, and an impact f actor of 4 due to its importance to the customer.We assigned a likelihood factor of 4 to inadequate project oversight due to lack of a full-time bookkeeper. We also assigned an impact factor of 4 to this risk event as well, since lack of fiscal oversight would render it nearly impossible to monitor and curb costs, which is a priority of the customers. 3) Develop a risk response matrix similar to figure 7. 7 to outline how would deal with each of the risks. Let’s review our risk response matrix, located at Figure 2. This matrix provides responses and contingency plans for each risk event. Figure 2. Risk Response MatrixRisk Event| Response| Contingency Plan| Trigger | Who is Responsible| Lack of preferred subcontractors| Use parametric procedures to design a time estimation schedule| Use an alternate set of contractors from outside the local area| Subcontractors report they are unavailable for the project| Project manager| Exceeding five month deadline| Use resource leveling to smooth resource allocation and use heuristics| Lease equipment and operators| Resource leveling efforts are unsuccessful at smoothing allocations| Project manager| Lack of available building supplies| Advance purchase and store known needed supplies| Source multiple vendors for detailed items for customer wants| Should be done immediately| Construction foreman| Inadequate oversight due to bookkeeper continuity| Make current, part-time bookkeeper a full-time employee| Hire another bookkeeper to augment current bookkeeper’s hours| Should be done immediately| Office manager| Exceeding the budget| Develop a time-phased budget| Develop and implement project phase gates| Upon completion of project scope| Project manager| In evaluating each risk, we have done our best to not only develop a common sense response action in the event each risk occurs, but also to identify an emergency contingency plan for each risk event as well. Additionally, we have identified â€Å"trigger† events, or events which would indicate response actions and/or contingency plans should be implemented. Finally, we have assigned responsibility for the monitoring or each risk and the implementation of the response plans.