History Of The American Space Program - 2034 Words

Wallop’s Island, Cape Canaveral, and the History of the American Space Program America’s space program is undoubtedly one of its greatest modern achievements. Few people cannot recall the famous quote â€Å"That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,† or do not know where it came from. The story leading up to the moment a man walked on the moon, as well as everything that came after, is just as interesting and important as the moment itself. The significance of the history of America’s aeronautics programs cannot possibly be overestimated, and their story is one that is incredibly important to the modern world of today. It would not be the nation that it is, with the technology it possesses, without its crucial involvement in the â€Å"space race†. If the technology that sent a man to the moon did not exist, our daily lives would be impacted and basic tools would be missing. Beginning with America’s first official aerona utics organization, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (or NACA) and continuing through to the present day and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (or NASA), the story of America’s aerospace programs is interesting and extremely important. It is a story that spans many years and giant leaps in technology, and involves important locations like Wallops Flight Facility and Kennedy Space Center. From the early beginnings of NACA and Wallops, and continuing on to the rise and success of NASA and Kennedy Space Center, aeronauticsShow MoreRelatedEnd of the Space Shuttle Program: An American Financial Voyage1431 Words   |  6 PagesNASA’s Shuttle Program also known as the Space Transportation System, was the first winged manned spacecraft operation to have achieved orbit and land, also the first to use reusable spacecrafts and make multiple flights into various orbits. Although the shuttle program took America to a heighten achievement of orbital t ransportation, recent closure of the program has baffled many Americans and left questions about the future of the American space missions. The closure of the program by the Obama administrationRead MoreThe Eagle : A Symbol Of American Culture987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Eagle: A Symbol of American Culture The founding fathers of the United States of America chose the Bald Eagle to represent the country and all that it stood for. The Eagle’s Cultural significance has changed drastically in the past 20 years alone as people collectively change their thoughts on subjects that are associated with the Eagle. The Eagle today is most associated with Militarism and Patriotism, and to compare cultural views on Militarism or Patriotism, one must examine two long standingRead MoreThe World Of The Soviet Union1699 Words   |  7 PagesSpace Race What would the History of the world have be if the United States never landed on the moon, but instead the Soviet Union was successful at sending cosmonauts to the moon and were the first humans to ever step foot on a celestial body? This is what I wanted to explore in my research, this is all subjective we cannot go back in time to see what the outcome would have been if it never happened the way it did. The idea has been talked about even with the sceptics who think the whole moon landingRead MoreDuring The 1950S Racism And Prejudice Was High And As A1114 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresented in history. Because the United States was segregated during the Space Race â€Å"colored† people were not praised by America. They were neglected and overlooked. Overall there were people who helped in the Space Race that were congratulated and praised. They were viewed as the greatest scientist, engineers, and geniuses during the 1950s. But equal representation in praise between Whites and African-American individuals was not made. The United States did not carry on the rich history that African-AmericansRead More1st Man on the Moon - Waste of Money?818 Words   |  4 Pagesto put the first man on the moon an ambitious accomplishment in science or a waste of government resources? In May of 1961, President John F. Kennedy stated a commitment to land an American on the moon by the end of the century (Gitlin). During the 1960’s, the Soviet Union and the United States started a massive space race. The Soviet Union had launched the orbit Sputnik on October 4, 1957 and later launched another, heavier, Sputnik 2 on November 3, 1957 with a dog named Laika inside. During theRead MoreTaking a Look at the Space Race850 Words   |  3 Pageschange, there is no doubt that these events had a variety of large impacts on the history and culture of the Soviet Union. However, a certain series of events and explorations that also reached a peak during this era often took a more subtle route of impact on Soviet society and culture. Space exploration in the Soviet Union and across the world took a huge leap forward toward the end of the 20th century. Namely, the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States of America lasted from theRead MoreThe Eagle Has Landed Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant decade during the Space Race, because American perseverance overcame a more advanced Soviet space program and reached the moon. Accordingly, national leaders of the sixties were a huge driving force behind the Space Race as they inspired their people to literally shoot for the moon and take the lead in the ‘Space Race’. Likewise, ambitious projects like Apollo and Mercury really took off in the nineteen-sixties and paved the way to the first American in space and eventually to the moon.Read MoreThe Space Race : Soviet Union And The United States1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe Space Race There are a few things that little boys love more than anything else and among those are dinosaurs, racecars, and rocket ships. Plenty of kids have dreams of being an astronaut when they grow up, and are influenced by cartoon characters like Gru trying to steal the moon in Despicable Me, or the Octonauts on Disney Junior. However, these ideas and images had to have a beginning somewhere within history, and those origins are known as the space race. This technological rivalry tookRead MoreReagan and Obama: A Comparison of Space Policy787 Words   |  3 Pagespresident of the United States. As president, both men enjoyed a measure of success with the space program and NASA in general. Each president chose a different set of goals for NASA, however. These goals reflect the presidents’ views on America’s place in the world as a scientific and commercial leader as well as the times in which the two presidents served. 　　President Ronald Reagan inherited the space policy of his predecessor, Jimmy Carter and was not satisfied with its current objectives andRead MoreU.s. Space Program Research1056 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. Space Program Research Paper By: Joseph Cooney Romal Ebadi The U.S. Space Program funding has been cut drastically, and their mission to mars has slowed dramatically. The Space Program is needed in the community, and in the world because it helps reunite each other. Like the mission to the moon took the people s minds off of the buildup of nuclear weapons (Cold War). The program getting cut would be a major let down for the American people, because a major thing that had united the country

The Economic Importance of Cultural Diversity - 1135 Words

Cultural diversity is a subject that is being used a lot in organizations nowadays. People are starting to notice the difference in personality within each other, and how that is affecting their workplace. Age is not really a factor that matters in this topic of conversation, culture affects everyone in many ways of their day to day life. This can be seen very easily for a student. On campus the racial segregation/climate is very wide, you can find people from all over the world. This is sometimes good because it gives the institution an international feel to it, but for the students that are minority, this is something that cause then a lot of stress. According to Saenz (2010), â€Å"Racially diverse institutions of higher education have the potential to weaken the cycle of segregation that permeates society, being a rare opportunity for students to engage across racial/ethnic lines† (p. 7). If all institution and organizations were more inclined to expand cultural diversity, then students would not have to experience any hateful racial act against them. They would feel more at ease within the organization they are now calling home, and they would not be feeling awkward or out of place. Ancis, Sedlacek Mohr J. (2000) found â€Å"Asian American and Latino/a students also reported experiences of stereotyping and prejudice in the form of limited respect and unfair treatment by faculty, teaching assistants, and students; and pressure to conform to stereotypes† (p. 187). This not onlyShow MoreRelatedCultural Diversity At The California College Of Arts1234 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY 1 CULTURAL DIVERSITY 6 Cultural diversity Name Professors Name Institution Date Introduction Cultural diversity has impacted the American Society and studies as well. It is important to encourage students to explore the diversity of culture in America and also understand how culture has changed the landscape. The essence of studying diversity in culture is to help students understand the global community interrelations and how ethnicity, raceRead MoreMulticultural Awareness As A Clinical Mental Health Counselor965 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural Awareness This paper will introduce and define the need for Multicultural awareness as a clinical mental health counselor. It will further explore examples of various topics in Multicultural counseling such as: Racial and ethnic diversity, gender and social economic status. As a result of this research, in Multicultural awareness, the self-assessment rendered the identity of myself. It allowed me to realize what and who I was as â€Å"other.† In realizing who I was as â€Å"other†, I saw my own self-identityRead MoreTaking Advantage of Diversity to Strenthen a Business907 Words   |  4 Pages Diversity is a force that helps strengthen a business by allowing different kinds of people from different backgrounds working towards a common goals. This helps the firm get different outlooks in different procedures of the entity. â€Å"The concept of diversity has encompasses acceptance and respect, it means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economicRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires a typeRead MoreQuestions on Diversity and Inclusions926 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the dimensions of cultural diversity? There have been a variety of attempts to develop a concise definition or reliable classification of what is meant by cultural diversity for a number of decades. Although there is no universal system available for determining what cultural diversity is there are several reappearing characteristics that are used by many of the experts attempting to arrive at a recognized system (Fearon, 2003). The first generalized dimension used is the concept ofRead MoreXerox Case Study Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesHow would Xerox define diversity ? Xerox defines diversity as a priceless resource and a key to their success. It more than just race or gender. By incorporating in a company like xerox different cultures and ways of thinking it expands the mind set of the company and leads toward creating innovative solutions and business opportunities (Xerox). How has the definition of diversity changed over the years? We live in a world where, because of the Internet and the Web, we can communicate withRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Walter Benn Michaels, The Trouble with Diversity683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Diversity isn’t something to be ignored, but is that where our primary focus should lie? It is in our very nature to celebrate our differences; without it we lose our identity. As a society we literally dance in the streets to celebrate our individualities. However, Walter Benn Michaels points out a very interesting issue that is not only social but economical as well, in his book The Trouble with Diversity: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality. When we strip away our color,Read MoreSfsw680 Words   |  3 Pagesdispersion amp; cultural diversity As economic borders come down, cultural barriers will most likely go up and present new challenges and opportunities for business. As global restructuring takes place within the company, Koch leads a geographically dispersed project team (i.e. Germans and Chinese members ) to standardize its personnel selection methods in the APAC region for staffing 25 new middle management positions. The HR executive encounters problems when leading across cultural differencesRead MoreThe Impact Of Diversity On Strategic Marketing1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of diversity in strategic marketing in today’s society has increased in the American population. Before we get in depth with this let’s find out what is diversity marketing according to (diversity marketing) Customers in different cultures have different values, experiences, expectations, and ways of interacting. Even within a culture, such differences will be apparent between different subgroups not just ethnicity, but also age, gender, profession, religion, family size, physical environmentRead MoreMy Personal Nursing Philosophy726 Words   |   3 Pages The integration of nursing theories with a philosophical perspective lays the framework for nursing practice (McCurry, Revell Roy, 2008). My philosophy of nursing is to provide holistic care meeting the  physical, social, economic, cognitive, and spiritual health of a person. This philosophy embraces the four elements of the nursing metaparadigm, which is person, environment, health, and nursing. While theorists have differing concepts and definitions of nursing, the American

Cypop5 Unit 2 Free Essays

Carlene Nixon 20. 3. 2013 Unit 2Understand how to establish a safe and healthy home based environment for children Question 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cypop5 Unit 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Knowledge Explain the Key components of a healthy and safe home based environment. Answer 2. 1The Key components are as follows; * Hygiene and waste disposal – As a home based childcare provider I will be offering hot meals and snacks, it is therefore important that this is done in hygienic conditions. Surfaces must be kept clean and sanitized before and after food is prepared. Toilet seats, taps and door handles should also be disinfected regularly to prevent the spread of germs. Waste disposal should also be done hygienically, by emptying them frequently and cleaning them thoroughly. Nappies should be wrapped and put in a separate bin outside to prevent any nasty odours in the house and when emptying potties this must be done down the toilet and NEVER down the wash basin. Storage and preparation of food – When preparing and cooking food it is important to store it correctly by cooling it correctly wrapping it and storing it in the fridge or freezer. Temperatures should be 5 ®C and the Freezer should be 20 ®C to prevent the multiplying of bacteria. Raw meat should be covered and stores on the bottom shelf of the fridge on a shelf. Food should not be used after the ‘use by date’. Frozen food should be thawed thoroughly before cooking and should never be re- frozen. Care of animals – If there were to be pets in the home, floors would need to be cleaned after they had been fed to prevent bacteria multiplying and to reduce the risk of attracting pests. Care needs to be taken to keep the feeding dishes out of reach of the children. The animals would also need to be regularly wormed, de-flead and inoculated to prevent the risk of diseases spreading to the children. The garden should be cleared of dog/ cat poop daily and the garden equipment such as sand pits should be covered to prevent the pets climbing into them. A child, at no point would be left alone with an animal that could harm them. * Using equipment according to manufacturers guidance – There are many pieces of equipment that are used when caring for young children and babies, care should be taken to check the safety standard on each product such as the British Standards Institute or the CE mark or Lion mark on Toys. Care should be taken to read manufacturer’s Instructions when, for example, fitting a car seat, as if this is not installed correctly, in the event of an accident, could cause serious injury. Equip should also be age appropriate, using a car seat or pushchair which is too big or too small could be dangerous for the child. Likewise for toys, warnings should be indentified such as â€Å"not suitable for children under 36 months† as this could indicate a choking hazard. Equipment and toys should also be checked regularly to assess the condition i. e. any sharp edges of broken bits; they should be repaired or thrown away. Push chairs and bikes etc should have their brakes and tyres checked and garden swings should have the ropes checked for loosening or wear and tear. Appropriate responses to illness, allergies, incidents and accidents – With regards to illness parents would be informed immediately, if the child was already ill, the only medication that would be administered would be given by the parents with written instruction of how much and how often to give the medication. A record would be made each time the medication was administered and would be signed by the parent at the end of the day. Any allergies would be noted at the time of registration and incidents and accidents would be recorded in the accidents book and communicated to the parent at the end of the day. Question 2. KnowledgeExplain the principles of safe supervision of children in the home based setting and off site. Answer 2. 2To ensure the safety of a child in the home and off site it is important to supervise them at all times. There are three types of supervision and when deciding which type is needed, various aspects should be considered such as; the age of the child and their developmental rate, growing independence and the need for privacy, the activity they are doing, where you are, and the surroundings. They are;Constant – This is when you watch them all the time, this would be appropriate for very young children who are perhaps on a climbing frame in the park, of for a young school child that is chopping their own apple. This principle would also be used on the school run as we would be walking along busy roads and crossing them too. Close Supervision – always present and watching them most of the time, ready to step in if the child’s safety is at risk. This principle could be used when in a park where you and the child have not been before or the environment may be less safe than usual due to weather conditions. It could also be used when toileting a child that perhaps wants to be more independent or has a need for some privacy. General Supervision – This is when you are watching them most of the time and you are ready to step in if they are at risk of hurting themselves, this principle might be used if you at home and in the garden where the children are familiar with their surroundings and equipment, or when the children are enjoying some free play at home and in a safe environment intervention may only be needed, if they start to squabble over toys etc. Question 2. 3 KnowledgeIdentify ways of ensuring that equipment is suitable for children and meet safety requirementsAnswer 2. 3Ways in which you can ensure that equipment is suitable for children is by using equipment according to the manufacturer’s instructions, for example, when using a pram or push chair it is important that all the safety catches are used to prevent it collapsing once the child is placed in it which could cause injury. When toys are selected for play, they should be age appropriate, the ages are normally on the boxes of new toys and this information should be retained for future reference, if however this information is not available then no child under three years old should play with toys with any loose parts, as they could potentially cause a choking hazard. Regular checks should be made of the toys to check for any sharp edges or any pieces that may work themselves loose. Ropes on swings should be checked for any deterioration and brakes should be checked regularly on any prams pushchairs or bikes. When choosing toys they should bear CE mark or the Lion marks, if buying the toys second hand they might not choose these marks, but common sense should use to ensure that the toy is safe to play with. Question 2. 4 KnowledgeKnow where to obtain current guidance on health and safety risk assessment of the home based work setting. Answer 2. 4Ofsted offer an online risk assessments form that you can use when going around you home, its list things to consider in each room and in the garden. They also provide a fact sheet for the requirements for the risk assessment. The Statutory Framework for the EYFS also provide information on the legal requirements of a risk assessment at home and when on outings too. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) also advises on risk assessment, they provide a â€Å"Five steps to Risk Assessment† booklet which includes template to assist with the assessment. ‘Prospects for Medway’ are also a service that provide information for childminders on any aspect including preparing for nspections and maintaining the requirements for health and safety. The local fire service will come to the home and offer advice and guidance with regards to fire safety in the home and Medway council offer Food Hygiene courses to educate on how to eliminate the risks of food poisoning within the home. Question 2. 5 KnowledgeExplain how to store and administer medicinesAnswer 2. 5All medication should be provided by the parents/carers with written instructions and written consent before it can be administered to the child. The instructions should include the child’s name, dosage and how many times a day the medication should be administered. Parents will be asked to provide all medication needed by their child including inhalers, creams, etc. All medication should be kept in its original box with the manufacturer’s/pharmacist’s instructions along with the Child’s name, dosage and name of medication clearly stated on the box. All medication should be stored in a cupboard inaccessible to children; some medication could be stored on the top shelf of the fridge if necessary. Once the medication has been administered this information should be recorded with the Child’s name, the date and time it was administered and the dosage that was given, this would then need to be signed by the parents and the childminder. This would be used, for example, in the event that the child responded badly to the medication, the records would show that all medication was administered correctly and the right dosage was given. | 2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 5| How to cite Cypop5 Unit 2, Papers

Neolithic Revolution and the Renaissance Effects on History Essay Thesis Example For Students

Neolithic Revolution and the Renaissance Effects on History Essay Thesis The Neolithic Revolution and the Renaissance provided mankind with new ways of life. Although these advancements in architecture, agriculture, education and ideas transpired in different periods of history, they both had massive effects on our way of life today. Without these revolutions, our lives today would be unrecognizable. Life was drastically different before the Neolithic Revolution. During the Paleolithic Period, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20-30, and survived solely off their surroundings by hunting animals and gathering various plants. Roles ere based on gender; men hunted and women gathered plants. They developed simple tools such as spears and axes out of materials such as stone, bone and wood. Human beings lived in this manner until about 10,000 BCC, when they started to cultivate crops and domesticate animals. This is known as the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution is a major turning point in human history. It was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, new technologies, and the eventual rise of civilizations. Another effect of this revolution was the advanced form of a society. Class systems arose, with the Council of Elders at the top, and farms, merchants and craftsmen at the bottom. After a period of little education or values, Europe was ready for advancement. It was a time of creativity and change in Europe. The Renaissance was centered in Italy during the asses before spreading to the rest of Europe in the 1500 and asses. Achievements in art, literature, science and ideas made this period a golden age. Ideas such as Humanism became widely popular during the Renaissance. Humanism stressed the importance of education. The study of ancient Roman and Greet texts became the learning standard. Humanism also stressed the importance of focusing on the present, rather than the afterlife. People changed the way they thought of themselves, each other and the world around them. The effects of the Renaissance are still witnessed today. From architecture to mathematical theorems, the Renaissance had a long lasting effect on society. The Pythagorean Theorem, and the use of printing presses and Humanism are all examples of this. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning eased on ancient texts, the development of unique perspective in painting, and gradual, yet widespread educational reform. Without the Neolithic Revolution and the Renaissance, this world would be very different. Each revolution contributed to our way of life and continues to shape it through values and educational standards. Advancements in architecture, agriculture, education and ideas back then provided a pathway towards the civilized, educated and advanced society we have today. Neolithic Revolution and the Renaissance Effects on History By recreation

Quincy Jones Music Mogul Past, Present and Future

Whos for the game and Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Disabled Essay Example

Whos for the game and Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Disabled Essay Example Whos for the game and Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Disabled Paper Whos for the game and Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Disabled Paper Essay Topic: Jessie Pope War Poetry Literature Ross Gay Poetry At the start of the First World War, war was portrayed as a glorious and credible cause. Fighting in a war on behalf of your country was deemed as the duty of any credible man. The ability to represent ones country on the battlefield was one of the greatest honours a man could have. Through the interference of war there was an outcry of patriotism. Men were overwhelmed with ideas of being able to fight for their countrys prosperity. Men flocked to sign up and fight for their country. Women forced their husbands and sons to go and carry out what was believed as their duty. The newspapers and the pro-war journalists who wrote in them played a very influential part in convincing men to recruit. One such journalist for the Daily Mail was Jessie Pope who composed unsophisticated war poetry encouraging men to enlist in the army. The patriotic ideals and the concept of war were all dismantled when soldiers returned from war and spoke of the horrors of war leading to a change in peoples attitudes towards war. Wilfred Owen was a soldier who experienced war and showed his hatred of it through his poetry. But before joining the British army, Wilfred Owen was an English teacher who visited hospitals during the First World War and subsequently became acquainted with many of the wars wounded. These visits deeply affected him and consequently led him to enlist in the British army. He said that he joined the army to witness the suffering and to be able to speak out against it. Wilfred Owen felt enormous pity and sympathy for his fellow soldiers. His famous poetry was written to show his horrifying experience of war and also to bring people out of the disillusionment that they were under. He also wanted to obliterate the image of war created by war propaganda. Wilfred Owen particularly hated Jessie Pope because of her lighthearted attitude towards war portrayed in her poems. Wilfred Owen was finally machine-gunned to death a week before the armistice was signed. Whos for the Game? was a poem written by Jessie Pope used as a piece of propaganda telling men to recruit. It exploits the fact that it was every mans duty to fight on behalf of his country. It is a lyrical poem with a strong, yet simple, rhyming scheme, similar to that of a nursery rhyme. This simple rhyming indicates that Jessie Pope was trying to get her message across clearly to the common man rather than making it more sophisticated. She makes it apparent that the image she has of war is that it is just a big game. The strong rhyming scheme helps her to get this point across because it makes the audience feel as if they really are in a game. Whos for the game, the biggest thats played, The red crashing game of a fight? Right from the beginning of the poem she mentions war as a game and repeats it in the second verse as well showing that she is comparing war to a game. In the second verse she uses the word fight which plays down the significance of war and it makes war seem as trivial as a fight. Wholl grip and tackle the job unafraid? And who thinks hed rather sit tight? In these verses she glorifies the men who fight in the war while she infers that those who do not, are cowards. This is a very insinuating way to put pressure on men who arent fighting in the war. Once again she bears reference to a game by using the phrase grip and tackle. Anyone who wasnt fighting in war would feel intimidated when they read these two verses. Wholl toe the line for the signal to Go! ? Wholl give his country a hand? She is asking the audience who is always ready and waiting to fight for their country. By using the word his she makes the reader feel personal about their country, and if it is their country they should help it. Many people were very patriotic during the war and this one line would make them feel like joining. Who wants a turn to himself in the show? And who wants a seat in the stand? She is feeding peoples self-esteem with these verses because she refers to war as a performance and a chance for soldiers to parade their skills. She portrays it as a chance for people to show off their talent. The second line says that those who do not fight in the war will only be onlookers of the performance. She compares the men that dont fight in the war to the fans in the stands at a match (war like a game). Who knows it wont be a picnic-not much- Yet eagerly shoulders a gun? An understatement of the hardship faced during war is made during the first verse which shows that she really hasnt had any experience of war and that she is trying not to put people off going to war. It also tells us that the knowledge she has about war is incorrect. In the second line she is motivating men to join the army because she knows that the opportunity to hold a gun and be able to use it will attract many men (boys with their toys). Who would much rather come back with a crutch Than lie low and be out of the fun? The message Jessie Pope is telling us in these verses is that if a soldier goes to fight in the war and in the process attains an injury, they are better off than someone who didnt fight in the war, as they missed out on the so called fun. She is saying that an injury incurred during the war is like a souvenir, which these soldiers will have of war, which is a very relaxed way of looking at an injury considering that a soldier could die because of a wound that wasnt properly treated. Come along, lads but youll come on all right For theres only one course to pursue, She is prompting the men and telling them that there is really only one path that they should follow and that is fighting for their country. She infers that these men have no choice but to recruit. She uses colloquial language (lads) so that she appeals to the common man, who will be the majority of the readers of this poem. This sort of language makes men think that she is conversing on a more personal level with them. Your country is up to her neck in a fight, And shes looking and calling for you. She crudely uses the stereotype of men being the protectors of women in these verses. She personifies the country as being feminine by using words like her and she. She uses more colloquial language when she uses the phrase up to her neck in a fight. The stereotypical view being used here is that there is a woman in trouble and that every man should try to help her because that is what they are supposed to do. Throughout the poem Jessie Pope repeatedly uses the word Who? because she is questioning the audience to see who is willing enough to fight for their country. In the final two lines of the poem Jessie Pope tells us exactly who this Who? she refers to is, and its You. the readers. She uses the word You to clearly emphasise who she is talking to. As the poem was published in the Daily Mail it would have been read by tens of thousands of people. Throughout the poem she uses simple language so that everyone can understand it and therefore it will have a widespread effect on the people. The image Jessie Pope is trying to portray in this poem is that war is like a game. The atmosphere of the poem is cosy which is totally opposite to war. The poem is not threatening at all and is inviting men to go to war. The poem continuously praises men who fight in wars while it calls those who dont, cowards. This is part of the way in which she wanted to appeal to the people because she knew that men who read this poem would feel intimidated enough to join the army. I feel that Jessie Pope was misinformed about war and felt she could explain war without experiencing it. As war progressed the feeling of patriotism demised and this happened as the death toll was escalating. People came out of the idea war is all things great and glorious and began to take in the realities of war. When soldiers returned they spoke from experience and therefore the reality of war. Poetry was written to explain war and how it is. One of the soldiers who became a poet was Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen wrote the poem Disabled about a young man who enlisted in the army for all the wrong reasons, lost his limbs and now leads a pitiful and bitter life thinking of his past. These wrong reasons are the various influences Owen sees this man as a victim of. It is a narrative poem with a sophisticated structure. The structure is such that it reflects the sincerity and the seriousness of the poets message. The poem starts with the man sitting in his wheelchair, longing for the dark, which is the only thing he is capable of doing. The darkness helps him escape his pathetic life. He is fed up with life and is waiting to die. And shivered in his ghastly suit of grey, His face has gone grey showing how he is in between life and death (black=death, white=life) because his soul is dead but his body is living. The next verse says how he is legless and how the happy voices of children are saddening to him, which is the opposite of a reaction you would expect from a normal person. He is sad because he knows he can no longer be a part of it even if he wanted to. When night finally comes, sleep is like a mother to him because it the only thing that provides relief for him from this hell of a life. About this time Town used to swing so gay It is evening and he remembers the atmosphere and the fun he used to have dancing with girls. But this was all before he threw his legs away in the war and he knows that none of it is ever going to come back. Now no one comes to him and everybody treats him like a disease. He used to enjoy life and girls but now the girls dont like him and this makes him miserable. Now, he is old; his back will never brace; And half his lifetime lapsed in the hot race He used to be good looking but in the time span of a year it looks like half of his life has gone. His back has become weak and he has lost the colour from his face. It looks like it drained while the blood was draining from his legs on the battlefields. He has become aged. One time he liked a blood-smear down his leg, After the matches, carried shoulder-high. He was a football star and had got cut once on his leg. He had enjoyed it because of all the attention he got. This contrasts to show that he has lost his legs now, but this time no one takes note of him. This shows that Jessie Pope was wrong to compare war to a football game because war can destroy peoples lives while a football game cant. If you lose a football match the consequences are insignificant in contrast to when you lose a war. He was drunk when he signed to join the army. He joined because a girl had said he would look good in the uniform (vanity) and also to please his girlfriend. These are the influences that Owen said this man was a victim of. Aye, that was it, to please the giddy jilts He asked to join. He didnt have to beg; Owen uses various styles of writing but in the above line he imitates everyday Northern speech. He was too young to join the army but when he asked to join the army the recruiting generals enlisted him despite knowing that he was lying because they needed men. This person had joined the army for the wrong reasons and wasnt interested in why the war was going on. He rarely thought of the Germans or the Austrians. The thoughts he had were of the weaponry and uniform he would receive and making smart salutes. He thinks of the Esprit de corps (army spirit) and pride in his unit. He hadnt bothered to think about the hardship that he would face during the war. He had always got a buzz when he was cheered for in a game and when they sent him off to war with all these cheers he felt very important like a hero. All this left him very optimistic about the war. Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer Goal. The reception he gets when he comes back from war is in stark contrast to what he had imagined. Only a few people are cheering and this is ironic to him. The only one person that inquires about him is the priest. This makes him feel bitter and betrayed that they only cheered him when he was of use, but now that he is no use to them they disregard him. He now has to stay in an institute where the liberty for him to make his own choices has been taken from him. He will have to do what people at the institute tell him to do and pathetically take any sympathy that he may get. He noticed how all the women took no notice of him and paid all the attention to men who were complete. This is mental torture to him because he is used to being so popular and getting all the attention. How cold and late it is! Why dont they come And put him into bed? Why dont they come? His final thoughts of the poem are of total depression. He has become so dependent on others that it is becoming intolerable. All he looks forward to is being put into bed. This point was mentioned at the beginning of the poem emphasising how pitiful his life is. He feels like his life isnt worth living. The verse why dont they come? is used twice to accentuate how dependant he has become. In Jessie Popes Whos For The Game? she mentions that it is better to take part in a war and attain a crutch rather than take no part. In Disabled Wilfred Owen replies to this statement by showing a man who went to the war and came back with a crutch. He describes all the physical and mental hardships this person goes through and disproves Jessie Popes statement. Wilfred Owens main message in Disabled is that people arent joining the army for the right reasons because of poems like Jessie Popes. Dulce et Decorum est is another excellent war poem written by Owen describing his personal experience at war. It is structured such that it appeals to the audience and informs the readers of the realities of war. He depicts a first hand account of the harshness and also the hardships faced at war. This is vividly portrayed in the opening lines: Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, He uses very dramatic words to describe the soldiers. Words such as old beggars and hags wouldnt usually be associated with the glory of soldiers. The use of the word cursed also suggests that the soldiers are unhappy. Owen goes on to talk about how committed men were and also how brave they had to be to survive this horrific predicament. He says that the men were so tired that they could barely stand up and he mentions that they have none of their reactions to such an extent that they hardly realise the gas shells exploding. Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. He speaks of how everybody is stumbling to put their gas masks on and how one of the soldiers didnt have his mask on in time. He uses the word floundering to describe this scene. The word floundering is usually used to describe the state of panic a fish is when it is out of water. Dim, through the misty panes and the thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. He describes how he can hardly see anything as everything has a tinge of green because of the gas all around and this gives him the feeling that they are under a green sea. The use of the word drowning to describe the man contradicts his first description of the man floundering. In this section of the poem Owen uses his sensory style of writing to make us visualize the situation that he was in, and the images that come into our minds are striking as well as ghastly. He speaks of how helpless he was as the man was falling towards him. He uses three powerful words guttering, choking, drowning successively to emphasise the grotesque experience. As he remembers how they placed the man into a wagon he communicates with the reader on a more personal basis using the word you. His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud These four lines portray the man who had just died using very forceful and hideous words that make the reader cringe. He uses words such as devils sick of sin to compare the mans face to something unimaginable. These lines enlighten the audience of what soldiers have to go through and that not everything a soldier does is glorious, as it may seem. My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. In these final lines Owen assumes a relationship of friendship with Pope to get his message across in a polite manner. He makes her seem ignorant for promoting the message that war is all things glorious, without personally experiencing it. He makes it apparent to the readers and to Pope as well that the glory of war is a lie and that no one that would have experienced the situation Owen was in, would encourage anyone to go to war. In the final stanza Owens main message in the poem is evident and that is: people are joining the army for the wrong reasons because of poems like Popes. He concludes his poem by stating that the old Latin saying about war is a lie. The old Lie: It is sweet and fitting to die for ones country. In conclusion it can be noted that mass propaganda took place at the beginning of the First World War because of the need to recruit men into the army. Jessie Popes views towards war were light hearted and she exploited patriotism, which is why she contrasted so much with Wilfred Owens views. This led him to write truthful poem through personal experience because of how much he hated Popes fickle views.

Language Awareness[ 10th edition] Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language Awareness[ 10th edition] - Assignment Example It is a negative word and should be left at that, as it has a significance that should not be forgotten. Since the true meaning of the term is founded in racism, it should not be plucked from its role and meaning, in an effort to render it impotent. Suppressing the word and restraining it in the confines of racist conduct continues to give the word social significance and a place in history from which today’s generation can learn of the progress made by society (Asim, 2007). Although efforts of making the term impotent have been made by various entities, due to the historical significance of the word, such efforts remain unsuccessful. The word can only be made impotent by restricting its use to history, where it played a specific role (Asim, 2007). Not using the word in today’s setting to try and change its meaning only serves as a reminder of past history and the tension that existed between the white and black community, since the word tags more than mere

Research methods - Literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research methods - Literature review - Assignment Example The tone of the article also supports that he is addressing the literate class. In addition, the literature review presented is well referenced using footnotes, a factor that ascertains that it is scholarly. The author explores the balancing and bandwagoning, as the two options that states have during conflicts. Schweller seeks to highlight the factors that motivate states to settle for any of the two alternatives. His thesis is very evident that balancing and bandwagoning are not opposites, and a range of different factors motivates states adopting either of them. The goals of balancing and bandwagoning are different as well, with states opting for bandwagon to gain something, while the purpose of balancing is ensuring that values are protected (p. 75). From the literature review, it becomes evident that many scholars have not focused on exploring the issue of bandwagoning effectively. The author highlights that other authors who have tried to explore this topic previously have misconceived the concepts of bandwagoning. The literature review highlights that rewards are of central significance to states that opt for bandwagoning. It emerges that other reasons also prompt states to consider bandwagoning as the preferred option. The theory of the balance of interests is more realistic in explaining bandwagoning (p. 100). Schweller believes that the topic of bandwagoning has not been explored as it deserves. This is because the balancing theory that has often been used in explaining this concept seems insufficient. Moreover, the goals of bandwagoning have not been explained in details as required. He discerns the need for the development of new theories that can effectively explain the concept (p. 105). In his literature review, he focuses on filling this gap. He does this by reviewing the balancing theory, and explaining the reasons that prompt states to opt for bandwagoning. He

Disaster in Gwinnett County Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disaster in Gwinnett County - Research Paper Example Gwinnett County Emergency Management Agency needs to be created in order to manage future disasters and after effects related to the calamity. The country should synchronize the action of Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) with other emergency services (Gwinnett County Emergency Management Agency). They should take help of National Traffic System (NTS) in order to reduce public panic regarding the disaster. Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and medical examiner are needed in order to deal with medical exigencies Human service agencies Fire department Law enforcement Question 2 Gwinnett County needs to create incident management system in order to prevent ill effects of future disasters. National incident management system is needed to be created and NIMS should concentrate on following areas (Walsh 7). Command and Management Human Resource Management Communication and information management Technological support Operation management Multiagency coordination system Question 3 Nati onal incident management system needs to work with incident command system (ICS) in order to fillip the scope of Area command. Command structure should be created in the following manner. (Source: Walsh 13) [Note: Above mentioned picture shows that command structure of EOC group can be bifurcated into two parts such as Agency executives and unified area command. Unified area command covers two types of commands such as unified command and incident command] Prevention (including Mitigation) NIMS needs to measure amount of physical and financial damage caused by disaster in the districts of Snellvill, Lawrenceville, Duluth & unincorporated Gwinnett regulatory in order to prevent further disruptions. In the prevention NIMS need to use following sources to foster the prevention activity. (Source: Walsh 14) Command structure should follow â€Å"Unified Command† structure in order to facilitate joint determination process. Strategic planning for resource allocation should be done i n unified manner. Agencies will be appointed to resolve for utilizing resources (Walsh 25). Question 4 The overall strategic objective of NIMS is to ensure a systematic and effective mechanism for mitigating the ill effect of disaster. Strategic objectives can be underpinned in the following manner. Determining overall incident management strategy Integrating tactical operation with strategic objective Mainstream disaster management in pertinent areas such as Lawrenceville, Duluth, Snellville and Unincorporated Gwinnett. Creating joint planning for tactical activities (Walsh 26) Using available resources at optimum level Question 5 NIMS was focusing on removing debris, providing emergency service to affected people as a part of the initial command but now the equilibrium of the situation has changed after reports of traffic incidents revealed. Gwinnett County Emergency Management Agency needs to recruit more number of volunteers in order to help people affected by disaster. Initial command structure can be explained by following diagram. (Source: Walsh 29) The command structure should be elongated in order to resolve traffic problem. Addition traffic emergency workers can increase the strength of the structure. Initial command

The Traditional Narrative Structure Of Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay

The Traditional Narrative Structure Of Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay In order to assess the validity or otherwise of Thomas Hardys assertion, we first need to consider whether or not any such construct as traditional narrative structure can properly be said to exist and, assuming that it does, provide a definition of what this structure might be. This is not as straightforward as it may appear. For one thing, there are many different traditions in world literature and therefore many different concepts of traditional narrative structure. It would be unwise, for instance, to attempt to assert that the storytelling devices employed by the anonymous authors of the stories later compiled as The 1,001 Nights or The Arabian Nights Entertainments complied in all respects with the narrative strategies pursued by Dickens, Trollope, Defoe, Austen and the other writers of the novel form as it has been understood and developed over the past two hundred years within Western society. It is possible to understand from Hardys statement the kind of narrative structure that he had in mind, the progression from event A to B to C suggested by the regular formulation of beginning, middle and end. That Hardys statement should exhibit a strong implied attachment to this sort of narrative structure is in no way surprising, for it was an important aspect of his writing. However, there had already been changes to what Hardy considered the traditional narrative style. Narrative trickery of one kind or another had been apparent in many authors works. Experimentation with form began very early on in the novels development. Indeed, it is arguable that such experimentalism had been present in the English novel since its earliest days. Samuel Richardsons Pamela or Virtue Rewarded , for instance, arguably one of the first novels written in English, may conform to the beginning-middle-end formula looked upon so fondly by Hardy one hundred years later, but it is far from being a standard third party text. The book is an epistolary novel, which is to say that it consists of a series of interlinked texts, purporting to be letters written by the novels protagonist and no fewer than five other correspondents, each of whom has his or her unique literary style, psychology and point of view. Richardson was not the first novelist to adopt this epistolary approach. Other writers, both in France and England, had preceded him. Yet there is no doubt that Richardson displayed a profound and unprecedented facility with the form. In Margaret Drabbles words, he raised the form to a level hitherto unknown and transformed it to display his own particular skills.  [1]  And Richardson was not the only English novelist to have departed sharply from Hardys norm during the English novels formative years. His inventiveness and willingness to experiment with form had been equalled by several other writers, most importantly Lawrence Sterne. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, published in several parts between 1759 and 1767, stands out as a paragon of unconventionality even today. Its many stylistic novelties and tricks of form include flashbacks, typographical eccentricities, missing pages and multiple perspectives. Not for nothing has it been referred to as the progenitor of th e twentieth century stream-of consciousness novel  [2]   The traditional narrative structure that Hardy had in mind had, therefore, been altered and subverted from within for many years prior to the start of his own literary career. It is, nonetheless, true that the notion of a novel having to possess a beginning, middle and end had become firmly embedded in the psyche of most readers and writers by the late Victorian era. Hardy suspected that the dominance of the traditional narrative structure was under threat by the time he abandoned novel writing around the beginning of the twentieth century. The Age of Realism, in many ways the last great affirmation of the Enlightenment, with its impressively self-confident faith in reason and in reasons access to the real, drew to an end as the nineteenth century began to spill into the twentieth,  [3]  writes Andrà © Brink in his overview of the novels long development as a form: In a turmoil of uncertainty prefiguring Eliots later wry conviction that human kind/ Cannot bear very much reality, Modernism was born. A remarkable revolution swept through all the arts. The faith in representation, which for so long had shaped Western culture, was wavering; and, in Santayanas famous phrase, mankind was starting to dream in a different key  [4]   Both novels, Italo Calvinos If on a Winters Night aTraveller and One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez are arguably experimentations into a different style of traditional narrative fictions, that are far removed from what Hardy had in mind. If on a Winters Night a Traveller is probably Calvinos best known novel, published in Italian in 1979 and translated into English by William Weaver in 1981. Since then it has become firmly established as a classic of post-modern fiction. An examination of the books form quickly explains why. Far from being a conventional narrative, in which events are described from the outside by an omniscient narrator and everything proceeds smoothly from an initiating incident to a denouement, the novel has a bewitching and playful form. It is self-reflexive, in that it is a book about a reader who is trying to read a book called If on a Winters Night a Traveller. The first chapter and each subsequent alternate chapter are written in the second person. They form a linking narrative between the intervening, even-numbered, chapters, which all purport to be extracts from various books which the reader tries, at different times, to read: You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel, If on a Winters Night a Traveller. Relax. Concentrate. Dispel every other thought. Let the world around you fade. Best to close the door; the TV is always on in the next room.  [5]   One prominent way in which If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists traditional narrative structure is by violating boundaries of the structure. These are the boundaries comprised by the inside and the outside of the novel. If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists these boundaries because its premise is a readers attempt to read a work entitled If on a Winters Night a Traveller, whilst being aware that the narrative is instructing the reader to read and how to. This external, authoritative narration in the narrative has the effect of rupturing any traditional narrative sequence in further ways. It causes there to be various acts of reading, both within and without the text, which are out of synch with each other. A key example of this is Calvinos statement that, You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel If on a Winters Night a Traveller.  [6]  Not only is the readers identity destabilised by the fact that the you may refer to the reader outside or the reader insid e the text in a way not common in traditional narrative, but also the acts of reading are temporally disrupted: You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel If on a Winters Night a Traveller, the boundary of narrative, narrator and reader is broken, the reader is being instructed by the narrative to read. Another key example of the boundaries, set out by traditional narrative is the set of short orders, orders directed at us, the reader, to physically move our body: Stretch your legs, go ahead and put your feet on a cushion, or two cushions, on the arms of the sofa, on the wings of the chair, on the coffee table, on the desk, on the piano, on the globe. Take your shoes off first. If you want to, put your feet up; if not, put them back. Now dont stand there with your shoes in one hand and the book in the other.  [7]   This address to the reader has the effect of pulling the reader into work. This is very much a departure from Hardys view of the traditional narrative form. However, this is not to say that there is not a traditional narrative thread binding the work together. As the book continues, a clear, if unconventional, story begins to take shape. The reader, who is referred to and addressed throughout the novel becomes the protagonist in a convoluted narrative that revolves around an international conspiracy involving fraud, a mischievous translator, sinister government agents and a number of other elements. There may not be a traditional plot embedded in the book, but there is definitely a plot and it is one that has enough narrative muscle to keep a reader enthralled. There is a clear sense, throughout the book, that the author is solicitous to the reader and eager to retain his or her interest. This desire to aid the reader is borne out by something Calvino once wrote: My working method has more often than not involved the subtraction of weight. I have tried to remove weight, sometimes from people, sometimes from heavenly bodies, sometimes from cities; above all I have tried to remove weight from the structure of stories and from language.  [8]   If on a Winters Night a Traveller also highlights the problems of the one dimensional aspect of traditional narrative structures. If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists linearity. Traditional narrative structures are mentioned only in the context of their non-appearance, complaints such as that of chapters interrupted right at the climaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦lets hope we get to the end satisfactorily.  [9]  Here the vocabulary of traditional narrative climax and satisfying ending, though present is subverted. Calvino comments on his own narrative throughout and his most clear comment on this particular form of resistance to traditional narrative structures occurs when, making explicit the sexualised connotations of interrupted climax, and satisfying ending, he describes how Lovers reading of each others bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ differs from the reading of written pages in that it is not linear. It starts at any point, skips, repeat itself, goes backward, insists, ramifies in simultaneous and divergent messages, converges again, has moments of irritation, turns the page, finds its place, gets lost. A direction can be recognized in it, a route to an end, since it tends toward a climax, and with this end in view it arranges rhythmic phases, metrical scansions, recurrence of motives. But is the climax really the end? Or is the race toward that end opposed by another drive which works in the opposite direction, swimming against moments, recovering time?  [10]   One Hundred Years of Solitude could loosely be described as a family saga. It deals with the varying fates of numerous individuals drawn from seven generations of one South American family, but it is in not a type of narrative. The book includes multiple time-frames and numerous supernatural elements, including ghosts and prophecies, all of which are treated in a matter-of-fact fashion by the novels many characters. This makes it a clear embodiment of magic realism and it has, indeed, been identified by many critics as the quintessential magic realist text.  [11]   The American science fiction and fantasy author Gene Wolf, for instance, has said that Magic realism is fantasy written by people who speak Spanish,  [12]  while the British fantasy author Terry Pratchett has said that it is like a polite way of saying you write fantasy  [13]  . Despite the difficulty many have experienced in pointing out its exact nature, however, the term continues to have resonance for many readers and One Hundred Years of Solitude continues to be seen as its most characteristic text. What is it about this book that qualifies it as magic realism and in what way is its narrative distinguishable from Hardys cherished mode of traditionalist storytelling? The books difference is undoubtedly the mythic and timeless quality Marquez brings to bear in his treatment of the fictional town of Macondo and its multi-layered connection with the Buendà ­a family, whose patriarch, Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a, is also Macondos founder. Macondo is, in a way, a leading character in the novel and yet its geography and character remain remarkably opaque throughout. As Ian Johnston has pointed out: There is something clearly magical about the world of Macondo; it is a state of mind as much as, or even more than, a real geographical place (we learn very little about its actual physical layout, for example). And once in it, we must be prepared to meet whatever the imagination of the author presents to us.  [14]   The capacity of the imagination to which Johnson alludes is immense, and so the ability to enforce a willing suspension of disbelief in the mind of the reader that co-exists with it  [15]  . It is Marquezs ability to make the reader accept and even fail to question events that could not possibly take place in the real world that give One Hundred Years of Solitude its unique flavour. An excellent example of the kind of trick Marquez plays repeatedly, comes early on in the novel when an act of suicide is followed by a physically impossible perambulation by a trail of blood: A trickle of blood came out under the door, crossed the living room, went out into the street, continued on in a straight line across the uneven terraces, went down steps and climbed over curbs, passed along the Street of the Turks, turned a corner to the right and another to the left, made a right angle at the Buendà ­a house, went in under the closed door, crossed through the parlour, hugging the walls so as not to stain the rugs, went on to the other living room, made a wide curve to avoid the dining-room table, went along the porch with the begonias, and passed without being seen under Amarantas chair as she gave an arithmetic lesson to Aureliano Josà ©, and went through the pantry and came out in the kitchen [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]  [16]   The blending together of the real with the imagined, the plausible with the impossible, is what characterises the book throughout. Time becomes a blur, characters reflect the personalities of long dead ancestors or unborn descendants, history and chronology are obscured by the interplay of broadly similar events (invasion after invasion, birth after birth, death after death). Only Macondo seems stable, in the end, and yet even Macondo blows away to nothingness in the final, apocalyptic chapter, leaving the reader uncertain regarding the status of everything that has happened. And yet, all of this has to be set alongside the extremely detailed and persuasive nature of Mà ¡rquezs writing. He may be concerned with the fantastical and the fabulous but he also a sharp-eyed literary observer. The translator Edith Grossman made exactly this point when she gave the keynote speech at an event held in New York in 2003. Focusing on the quality of his prose and on his approach to narrative, Grossman said of Mà ¡rquez: He is a master of physical observation: Surfaces, appearances, external realities, spoken words everything that a truly observant observer can observe. He makes almost no allusion to states-of-mind, motivations, emotions, internal responses: Those are left to the inferential skills and deductive interests of the reader. In other words, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez has turned the fly-on-the-wall point of view into a crucial aspect of his narrative style in both fiction and non-fiction, and it is a strategy that he uses to stunning effect.  [17]   One Hundred Years of Solitude also resists traditional narrative structures with its relation to traditional boundaries of, and within, narrative. If on a Winters Night a Traveller contravenes boundaries; One Hundred Years of Solitude goes further by collapsing these traditional boundaries. A very significant way in which this is affected is through the names in the novel. Spread over several generations, there are three women with a forename Remedios, five male characters with the forename Aureliano, and five characters sharing both a forename and a surname: Josà © Arcadio. What should be a straightforward, linear piece of historiography is made more complex and convoluted by Marquez. It becomes unclear exactly which characters of the names Aureliano, Remedia or Josà © Arcadio are interacting at certain points in the narrative. One such example is that of Aureliano and Amaranta Ursula, in the rooms where Colonel Aureliano had also made love, made mad love on the floor of the porch à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they were awakened by a torrent of carnivorous ants who were ready to eat them alive.  [18]   One Hundred Years of Solitude often resists traditional narrative structures at the same time as drawing attention to them. One key example of this is the flashback with which the novel begins. As a traditional narrative structure, the flashback has a very definite sense of the present through which the past is framed. However, Marquez resists this traditional structure by destabilising this present tense, and the presence of the character having the flashback: Many years later as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendia was to remember[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]  [19]  The suggestion of a traditional flashback is preserved in the act of remembering, yet Marquez resists the traditional structure of the flashback by locating it into the future , Many years later, was to remember, a ruptured linearity which is, in a further resistance to traditional narrative structures, explained only at the end of the novel, when Aureliano finally realises that the parchments he discovered are a prophecy of the novels events: at that prodigious instant Melquiades final keys were revealed to him and he saw the epigraph of the parchments perfectly placed in the order of mans time and space.  [20]   Both One Hundred Years of Solitude and If on a Winters Night a Traveller depart quite radically from the traditional narrative structure utilised by Thomas Hardy and yet neither Marquez nor Calvino is willing to jettison the idea of narrative or deny their readers a satisfying encounter with the elemental power of storytelling. These texts resist traditional narrative but they do not reject or repudiate narrative itself. On the contrary, they provide meaning and pleasure by taking the novel further and beyond the structure in which Hardy worked in. Both writers resist traditional narrative structure by rupturing the linearity of the narrative and creating problems of time and engagement of the reader. Bibliography

McCarthyism :: Joseph McCarthy Communism

The era following WWII and the era we are currently in portray times in United State's history that united our country in some ways, but in other ways were times of constrained freedom and illustrated the limitations of our country. McCarthyism, the period in the early to mid 1950's, was a time that arose from once good relations with the Soviet Union to a time where there was fear of communism within our country. Terrorism, a term that has been around, but now brings new meaning. The U.S had attacks in the 90's in Oklahoma, the Olympics, and the previous attacks on the World Trade Center, but none amounted to September 11, 2001 with the amount of casualties, the desperate measures of the attackers and the cracks in our security system. Terrorism is not like the "ism" of communism; communism is a political ideology that infringed on our capitalistic ways, but terrorism is much more destructive. As defined by the FBI, "the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives". Terrorism is a technique, but as we have come to know it present day it is enacted by radical religious individuals who are opposed to globalization and the western way of life. The ideologies of these Islamic extremists do not transfer an ideology to terrorism, because it is spread among many groups and has become too broad a concept. Looking back on communism and its affect on American society, the present day terrorism can draw many parallels. The parallels are similar, yet they are not quite on the level of paranoia that communism instated within the U.S. and against our own society. To be accused of being a communist, one did not have to have a certain appearance; it was an ideology that that individual accepted, however to be accused of a terrorist is mostly along the lines of an appearance and the Muslim community. The invention of the television in 1946 brought the scare of nuclear weapons into the home. There was an abundance of bomb footage from the testing sites and infiltration of McCarthyism into the home with other broadcasts. On the first H-bomb footage, "Projected on the motion picture screen, in crisp 35mm,

Poverty Eradication Programmes in India Essay

1. The National Food for Work Program The National Food for Work Program was launched on 14 November 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment. The program is open to all rural poor who are prepared to do manual, unskilled labor. It is implemented as a centrally-sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States free of cost. 2. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana for providing self-Employment to Educated Unemployed Youth was announced by the Prime Minister on 15th August, 1993 to provide self-employed opportunities to one million educated unemployed youth in the country. The Scheme has been formally launched on 2 nd October, 1993 . The PMRY has been designed to provide employment to more than a million Person by setting up of 7 lakhs micro enterprises by the educated unemployed youth. 3. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) with effect from 1st April, 1995 . Its objectives are * To generate employment in rural areas. * To develop entrepreneurial skill and attitude among rural unemployed youth. * To achieve the goal of rural industrialization. * To facilitate participation of financial institutions for higher credit flow to rural industries. 4. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is an initiative launched by the Government of India on April 1, 1999. The SGSY aims at providing self-employment to villagers through the establishment of Self-help groups. Activity clusters are established based on the aptitude and skill of the people which are nurtured to their maximum potential. Funds are provided by NGOs, banks and financial institutions. 5. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana It was introduced in 2000 – 2001 with the objective of focusing on village level development in five critical areas, i.e., Primary Health, Primary Education, Housing, Rural Roads and Drinking Water and Nutrition with the overall objective of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas. Rural electrification was added as an additional component from 2001 – 2002. 6. The Antyodaya Anna Yojana The Antyodaya Anna Yojana was launched on December 25, 2000. It contemplated providing 25 kg. of food grains per month at highly subsidized rates of Rs. 2 per kg. For wheat and Rs. 3 per kg. for rice to each Antodaya family. The total number of families to be covered under this scheme was placed at one crore. Antyodaya Anna Yojana has started in six States – Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and the UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli.

Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Example

Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Example Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Outline Thesis statement: When compared side-by-side, there are differences in the two. Some of these include that the Lexus ad uses predominantly the logos, or logical, appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the emotional appeal, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. 1. Pathos or logos? 1. VW uses more pathos than Lexus. 1. Humor is effective tactic in advertising. 2. By using humor, advertisers make their product more memorable. 2. Lexus uses more Logos than VW. II. Target audiences. 1. VW targets younger viewers but could be effective on almost anyone. 2. Lexus targets a more mature, serious audience. III. Effectiveness. 1. VW is more effective because it provides information, and it is entertaining as well. 2. The Lexus ad fails to be memorable. Rough Draft: Volkswagen vs. Lexus Over the last few decades, American culture has been forever changed by the huge amount of advertisement the people are subjected to. Advertising has become such an integral part of society, many people will choose whether or not they want to buy a product based only on their familiarity with it rather than the product’s price or effectiveness. Do to that fact, companies must provide the very best and most convincing advertisements as possible. Those companies have, in fact, done just that, and often times use varied methods of persuading consumers. By comparing two automobile commercials, this essay will look at how the first ad uses predominantly the logos appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. First, the commercial by Volkswagen uses primarily the pathos appeal (â€Å"Meet†) whereas; the Lexus commercial uses mainly logos (â€Å"Engineering†). The VW ad uses humor to get its message across (â€Å"Meet†). Humor is a very effective tactic used in advertising because it entertains the viewer, and that makes them more likely to remember the product being promoted. In contrast, the advertisement by Lexus presents facts about their product to persuade the audience to consider their vehicles (â€Å"Engineering†). This is also a good way for companies to inform their potential customers. Businesses build up credibility by presenting factual information rather than meaningless entertainment. In that way, they are using the ethos appeal by using the logos appeal. These two approaches to advertising are both effective, and which appeal a company focuses on may be largely contributed to the audience being targeted. On that note, the target audiences for both commercials will be compared. The commercial by Volkswagen uses humor to captivate the viewer and throws in a few facts while the audience is being entertained (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus commercial, on the other hand, is much more serious (â€Å"Engineering†). It leads the viewer to believe that they have the answers to questions about future fuel demand and provides information in support of that (â€Å"Engineering†). The audience being targeted by VW is made up of more young people than the Lexus ad; however, it could also appeal to some older individuals as well. Lexus is targeting specifically a more mature audience in their ad. One can tell this because they spend less time on entertainment and more time for facts. This type of advertising would appeal to more serious and educated individuals. The goal of advertising is to convince the target audience to buy the product being advertised. With that being said, which one of these two commercials is the most effective at doing that? Though both do a good job getting their messages across, the ad by VW is more effective. This is because VW uses pathos, logos, and some ethos. By using all of the appeals, Volkswagen of America is able to grab the viewer’s attention, use ethos, in the form of an old car that they used to make, to establish credibility, and then provide logical information about the vehicle to inform the consumer (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus ad does a good job of providing information, but fails to provide a way for the audience to remember their advertisement for very long after watching it (â€Å"Engineering†). In conclusion, the commercials by Lexus and Volkswagen both make the viewer consider their product. To do this, they use different methods of advertising. Also, both companies target different audiences. When all is said and done, they have varying degrees of success in doing so. Advertising is a fundamental force in today’s society, and because of this, companies must provide the most effective commercials with presentation of as many logical appeals as possible. Word Count: 607 Meet The Volkswagens – Jetta TDI Meets Prius Youtube. 18 May 2009. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=JXK63kvUi6U Engineering Amazing Commercial Wall Youtube. 9 June 2011. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=AJTYPq0gNCofeature=pyv Final Draft: Volkswagen vs. Lexus Over the last few decades, American culture has been forever changed by the huge amount of advertisement the people are subjected to. Advertising has become such an integral part of society, many people will choose whether or not they want to buy a product based only on their familiarity with it rather than the product’s price or effectiveness. Do to that fact, companies must provide the very best and most convincing advertisements as possible. Those companies have, in fact, done just that, and often times use varied methods of persuading consumers. Two commercials that provide a good view of the different types of advertising used today include a commercial by Lexus Motor Company featuring all the ways that their car is prepared for the future (â€Å"Engineering†) and a commercial by Volkswagen of America that provides some factual information but mainly focuses on humor (â€Å"Meet†). When compared side-by-side, there are differences in the two. Some of these include that the Lexus ad uses predominantly the logos, or logical, appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the emotional appeal, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. First, the commercial by Volkswagen uses primarily the pathos appeal (â€Å"Meet†) whereas; the Lexus commercial uses mainly logos (â€Å"Engineering†). The VW ad uses humor to get its message across (â€Å"Meet†). Humor is a very effective tactic used in advertising because it entertains the viewer, and that makes them more likely to remember the product being promoted. In contrast, the advertisement by Lexus presents facts about their product to persuade the audience to consider their vehicles (â€Å"Engineering†). This is also a good way for companies to inform their potential customers. Businesses build up redibility by presenting factual information rather than meaningless entertainment. In that way, they are using the ethos appeal by using the logos appeal. These two approaches to advertising are both effective, and which appeal a company focuses on may be largely contributed to the audience being targeted. On that note, the target audiences for both commercials will be compared. The commercial by Volkswagen uses humor to captivate the viewer and throws in a few facts while the audience is being entertained (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus commercial, on the other hand, is much more serious (â€Å"Engineering†). It leads the viewer to believe that they have the answers to questions about future fuel demand and provides information in support of that (â€Å"Engineering†). The audience being targeted by VW is made up of more young people than the Lexus ad, however, it could also appeal to some older individuals as well. Lexus is targeting specifically a more mature audience in their ad. One can tell this because they spend less time on entertainment and more time for facts. This type of advertising would appeal to more serious and educated individuals. The goal of advertising is to convince the target audience to buy the product being advertised. With that being said, which one of these two commercials is the most effective at doing that? Though both do a good job getting their messages across, the ad by VW is more effective. This is because VW uses pathos, logos, and some ethos. By using all of the appeals, Volkswagen of America is able to grab the viewer’s attention, use ethos in the form of an old car that they made in the past to establish credibility, and then provide logical information about the vehicle to inform the consumer (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus ad does a good job of providing information, but fails to provide a way for the audience to remember their advertisement for very long after watching it (â€Å"Engineering†). In conclusion, the commercials by Lexus and Volkswagen both make the viewer consider their product. To do this, they use different methods of advertising. Also, both companies target different audiences. When all is said and done, VW’s advertisement is the most effective because it uses all of the appeals to convince their audience. Advertising is a fundamental force in today’s society, and because of this, companies must present as many logical appeals as possible and provide the most effective commercials possible. Word Count: 675 Meet The Volkswagens – Jetta TDI Meets Prius Youtube. 18 May 2009. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=JXK63kvUi6U Engineering Amazing Commercial Wall Youtube. 9 June 2011. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=AJTYPq0gNCofeature=pyv

Working Across Boundaries Analysis

Working Across Boundaries Analysis Introduction Companies often encounter boundaries when it comes to creating efficient business processes whether in the form of distance or differences in business culture, however, by overcoming such boundaries better business operations can be attained.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Working Across Boundaries Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As indicated by Piercy (2006) in order for any company to continue to be competitive within the present day global market place it is necessary for it to be highly responsive to changes, receptive to new developments within its market, highly creative as well as espouses actions of innovation and continued increases in efficiency (ex: Six Sigma) (Piercy, 2006: 3). Such aspects though are dependent on the employees of a company wherein through the use of proper management practices a company is able to create stable internal procedures to ensure proper operations and p roduct development which would inevitably result in a successful company. The purpose of this project is to explain the advantages and disadvantages to working across boundaries, in this case distance and a diversified workforce. Through such a method of examination, it is expected that a greater understanding of todays globalized business environment will be developed resulting in the promotion of the appropriate management practices to overcome such boundaries. This paper is divided into 2 primary sections; the first section discusses the boundary of distance as exemplified by the outsourcing industry. The second section deals primarily with the diversified workforces that have come about as a direct result of the present day orientation of multinational companies to expand into different markets. Through both sections, a clear idea can be developed regarding both the advantages and disadvantages of working across boundaries. It is the assumption of the researcher that, proper man agement practices can help to overcome boundaries such as distance and a diverse workforce thereby creating effective business operations. What is Outsourcing? As explained by Marchington et al. (2005), corporate executives are under pressure to improve the competitiveness of their companies through cost reduction, increased efficiency as well as the improvement of various services. It is due to this that they have been turning towards outsourcing as of late in order to resolve such issues (Marchington et al., 2005: 4).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The term outsourcing actually refers to the practice wherein a company contracts another company to perform a particular business function for them at a reduced cost as compared to the main company doing it themselves (Young Bong Gurbaxani, 2012: 1043). Outsourcing can take the form of manufacturing, accounting, cu stomer services and a variety of other practices that can be done in another location. The main purpose of outsourcing is to reduce the inherent cost of operations by leveraging aspects related to cheaper workforce costs or reduced utilities expenses found in other location. (Young Bong Gurbaxani, 2012: 1043) Through globalization, the internet and the process of outsourcing and off shoring, technology/manufacturing teams are no longer isolated to merely being within the same building, state or country, rather, they are scattered across a wide breadth of countries, cultures and business environments which management practices of contemporary technology intensive enterprises need to take into consideration (Allen et al., 2005: 301). For example, as indicated by Dey, Houseman Polivka (2012) when it comes to doing business within the U.S., the costs encountered by mosts businesses are often taxes, employee salaries and benefits as well as utilities (Dey, Houseman Polivka, 2012: 533) . The problem with such factors is that they in effect increase the cost of doing business within a particular country. It is due to this that outsourcing various aspects of a companys operations becomes more attractive since locations such as China, India and the Philippines enable a company to gain significant cost savings (i.e. lower tax rates, salaries, benefits expenses etc. (Whitaker, Mithas and Krishnan, 2010: 11). For example, within China alone the sheer cost of doing business is so low that companies have been outsourcing their manufacturing departments to the country since the late 1990s (Whitaker, Mithas and Krishnan, 2010: 11). This can also be seen in the case of India and the Philippines wherein outsourcing has become a $100 billion a year industry (Magtibay-Ramos et al., 2008: 41). Cost Savings The main reason behind working across the boundary of distance are the cost savings involved in hiring a local within the Philippines, China or India for example as compared t o hiring someone from the U.S., U.K. or Canada to do the exact same type of job (Marion Friar, 2012: 44).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Working Across Boundaries Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Minimum wage requirements, taxation and other costs related to doing business are simply far lower in various places in Asia as compared to countries in the West and, with the integration of global financial markets and supply chains due to globalization, it has now become more practical to simply have certain aspects of a companys operations (usually manufacturing and customer service) to be located in other countries with lower business costs (Yang, Wacker Sheu, 2012: 4462). Companies do not even need to manufacture their own products. This can be seen in the case of Apple, Sony and Microsoft wherein the Apple iPad, the Sony Playstation 3 and Microsoft’s Xbox 360 have all been manufactured by the same o utsourcing company, namely Foxconn (Ngai Chan, 2012: 383). Problems with Distance It should be noted that Marchington et al. (2005) also explains that outsourcing should not be considered the go to solution when it comes to reducing corporate expenses. Utilizing the example of Railtrack and the faulty maintenance procedures that resulted from outsourcing aspects of the companys operations, it can be seen that by not keeping things in-house this actually exposes the company to a multitude of possible problems related to mismanagement and improper operational practices that would not have occurred if they had been done by the main company instead of an outsourced firm (Marchington et al., 2005: 6). This shows how problems can occur in numerous areas of a company’s operations as a direct result of outsourcing which can have dire consequences for consumers and businesses alike.  Working across boundaries such as distance and business culture is advantageous for any company due to access to a greater talent pool and product markets, however, the fact remains that along with such advantages comes distinct disadvantages in the form of ill-suited management practices in dealing with a diversified global workforce and the potential for problems in a company’s supply chain due to lax standards on the part of their international partners (Wee Wee, 2010: 2081). Management practices in some of todays technology oriented organizations need to facilitate better collaboration and communication between global teams despite the distances and diverse cultural differences involved.  There are distinct problems related to this particular model of doing business in the form of lax product quality standards, unethical worker treatment as well as issues related to proper communication in between various outsourced departments (Tambe Hitt, 2010:62). For example Microsoft, which is one of the worlds largest software manufacturers, has development teams scattered ar ound the world working on different aspects of the operating systems that it produces. The inherent problem with this situation is that different methods of coding procedure combined with a variety of problems related to time difference, business culture and the sheer distance involved invites problems in all stages of OS (Operating System) development (Ulanoff, 2007: 74). The software â€Å"Windows Vista† for instance (which was largely considered one of Microsofts worst operating systems) had problems not only during its development but also during its sale and promotion. Such problems were attributed to ineffective management practices in helping to consolidate efforts across different borders and cultures (i.e. between different technology teams within the company’s software development divisions in the U.S. and India) (Ulanoff, 2007: 74).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation is not limited to the development of software but rather also includes the production processes of certain electronic goods. For example, lax management practices in the form of insufficient quality control procedures as well as improper sales and repair procedures were blamed for one of Dell corporations recent fiascos (occurred in 2006) wherein faulty components within several of its laptops that were sourced from foreign partners were seen actually leaking some sort of fluid during normal operational processes and had the potential to burst into flames (Mullins Weiss, 2006: 6). Another issue in this case was that Dell knowingly resold such units despite the identification of the inherent flaws which is indicative of a failure of management practices from not only a production point of view but from an ethical sales perspective. Other companies such as Apple and IBM have been highly criticized due to falling product standards as a result of lax quality control chec ks with their overseas factories. Apple, Microsoft and Sony have also been criticized for contributing towards the continued unethical treatment of workers within the factories of Foxconn which has severely damaged the image of these companies in the eyes of the general public (Ngai Chan, 2012: 383). Studies such as Holweg Pil (2012) that issues related to proper communication (i.e. English and non English speaking) between various overseas operational departments have resulted in problems related to shipping delays, erroneous inventory requests and an assortment of related problems that have resulted in increased costs for companies (Holweg Pil, 2012:98). Such a situation necessitates the implementation of new methods of cooperation through team exchanges (members of one team visiting the other), implementing methods of open communication and conceptualization between teams located within the U.S. and those within off-shored development/manufacturing facilities and facilitating better cooperative practices through the development of cultural understanding regarding how particular business cultures work over diverse locations (Young Bong Gurbaxani, 2012: 1043). Utilizing such a strategy, effective practices can be implemented which result in the characteristics mentioned earlier that are deemed necessary for a technology oriented company to survive and to thrive. A Diversified Workforce As explained by Marchington et al. (2005), organizations within the past few years have become increasing stratified an diversified as a direct result of not only the need to expand into new markets but the changing face of how people are employed within various companies today (i.e. in-house, contracted, part time etc.) ((Marchington et al., 2005: 11). This also due to the fact that companies have become more â€Å"networked† in that exchanges have become more horizontal rather than vertical due to the way in which the boundaries between companies/ organizations hav e become weakened as a direct result of new collaborative arrangements in the form of strategic partnerships, industrial networks etc. ((Marchington et al., 2005: 13). Since globalization and multiculturalism have become synonymous aspects of the global market place, companies tend to respond to the diverse consumer and cultural demographics to which they sell their products and services to stay relevant by also diversifying their methods of operation to match the needs of such markets (Jones, 2012:207). A company that limits itself in terms of diverse employee demographics runs the risk of being unable to understand the quirks and cultural norms in certain ethnic and racial markets resulting in the creation of an ill-equipped marketing and sales strategy which very likely will result in adverse consequences for the company in terms of the number of products sold and the degree of market penetration. Most modern day companies attempt a certain degree of racial, gender and cultural d iversity in the employees they hire, especially when it comes to attempts to access new markets in foreign locations. This enables the creation of unique product concepts, sales strategies and marketing mixes based on the views and backgrounds of this diversified workforce within that particular country resulting in a greater likelihood of a successful market penetration (Jones, 2012: 207). Other benefits derived from workforce diversity come in the form of greater employee retention due to a company culture that supports equality and racial acceptance rather than discrimination and divisiveness. Multiethnic and multi-gender companies tended to have higher rates of productivity due to greater employee satisfaction over the companys policies which results in better overall profits for the company due to increased productivity (Grey, 2009: 44). It cannot be stated though that the implementation of a racial, cultural and gender diverse workforce will automatically result in better comp any performance. Grey (2009) states â€Å"there must be a distinct benefit derived from the implementation of a diverse workforce otherwise it doesnt make sense for a company to implement a hiring strategy that focuses on it† (Grey, 2009: 44). Disadvantages of Workforce Diversity One of the inherent challenges involving workplace diversity is in creating sufficient channels of communication within an organization. Channels of communication are one of the cornerstones of any successful business when it comes to having a diverse workplace environment since it entails the use of added practices so as to sufficiently relay messages across different ethnicities and cultures (Pardo and Martinez, 2003:148). People from different cultures and ethnicities tend to perceive messages in many different ways due to the unique quirks of their method of understanding. Some messages are at times interpreted as insulting and vice-versa and, as such, it is important to implement methods of comm unication that take this into consideration so as to reduce possible misinterpretations (Joslin, Waters and Dudgeon, 2010: 22). Another challenge to take into consideration are factors related to cultural bias and prejudice that affect the ability of workers to work harmoniously at their respective jobs. Companies that have various branches and teams spread across several international markets have noted that there are instances that occur involving cultural bias or even prejudice resulting in work related conflict as well as instances of intentional discrimination resulting in not only substantial reductions in performance but the loss of certain operational capacities (Wu et al., 2012: 178). Companies that want to be able to take advantage of a diversified workforce need to implement measures to reduce cultural bias and prejudice. This comes in the form of team building exercises, company sponsored behavioral training or even joint vacations all of which should help necessitate pr oper communication and collaboration between members of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The final challenge that companies should take into consideration is the concept of corporate assimilation and how this affect an individuals productivity. As noted byDam (2008) assimilation is a way in which a worker is negatively affected by an organizations business and corporate culture wherein they are unable to sufficiently express themselves utilizing their ethnic and cultural backgrounds due to constraining rules and regulations at their work environment (Dam, 2008: 313). As a result, this impacts not only the effectiveness of management decisions (in the case of managers) but productivity and responsiveness (in the case of employees. An example of this is seen in the case of a manager from the U.S. being placed in charge of a new outsourced branch of the company (i.e. in China, India, or the Philippines) or in instances where a local company is taken over by a foreign multinat ional corporation. It is based on this that companies need to take into consideration implementing new business culture practices that enable people to express themselves based on their cultural and ethnic background so as to encourage positive employee productivity rather than negative employee performance due constraining factors on their ability to express themselves (Hilton and Whiteford, 2010: 435). Benefits of Workforce Diversity With the global financial downturn affecting not only the U.S. economy but the global economy, this necessitates the need for creativity and innovation in being able to access new markets in order to sell particular products and services. Workforce diversity through international expansion actually enables a company to utilize a pool of individuals that come from different backgrounds, cultures and ethnicities. This enables a company to relate with and understand the needs of consumers within markets the company is attempting to penetrate (Allen et al ., 2005: 301).  The original marketing and sale strategies that had been implemented by a company within its original market should not be considered as effective when applied to new markets and, as such, calls for views and opinions of people that either belong to that particular consumer segment or understand it to an extent in order to implement sufficient strategies for sales and market penetration (Allen et al., 2005: 301). For example, when Coca Cola tried to enter the Chinese market their marketing campaign consisted of merely translating their slogan of We bring you to life into Chinese and using that in their marketing and print ads (McDonald, 1996: 5). Unfortunately, its translation wound up as we bring your dead relatives to life and, as such, wound up costing the company millions in changes to its original slogan (McDonald, 1996: 5). Another example of failures in marketing and sales came when Gerber expanded into Africa and did not take into account the predilections of local companies to place a picture of what was inside a product on a product label due to many Africans not knowing how to read (McDonald, 1996: 6). This of course resulted in a rather embarrassing recall by Gerber due to Africans perceiving each product by Gerber as containing babies. These examples show how having a diversified workforce with multiple viewpoints and different levels of understanding is important for any company. A diverse workforce enables better methods of problem solving, allows the company to successfully market itself to different international consumer groups, helps to promote innovation and furthermore creates a good corporate image due to its practice of creating a multicultural and multiethnic workforce (Vithessonthi Schwaninger, 2008: 141). Conclusion As seen in the paper, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages when it comes to working across boundaries. In the case of distance and workforce diversity this can often entail problems related to communication, proper cooperation, the implementation of effective management practices and culture shock. Working across boundaries can result in cost reductions for a company, the ability to access new markets as well as the creation of a diversified workforce that would expand a companys knowledge base. Reference List Allen, R. K., Becerik, B., Pollalis, S. N., Schwegler, B. R. (2005). Promise and Barriers to  Technology Enabled and Open Project Team Collaboration. Journal Of Professional  Issues In Engineering Education Practice, 131(4), 301-311. Dam, K., Oreg, S., Schyns, B. (2008). Daily Work Contexts and Resistance to  Organizational Change: The Role of Leader–Member Exchange, Development  Climate, and Change Process Characteristics. Applied Psychology: An International  Review, 57(2), 313-334 Dey, M., Houseman, S., Polivka, A. (2012). Manufacturers outsourcing to staffing  services. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 65(3), 533-559. Grey, C. (2009). Human relations theory and people management. 2nded, Sage Publications  Ltd,London, pp. 44-64 Hilton, M. F., Whiteford, H. A. (2010). Interacting with the public as a risk factor for employee psychological distress. BMC Public Health, 10435-441. Holweg, M., Pil, F. K. (2012). Outsourcing Complex Business Processes: Lessons from an  enterprise partnership. California Management Review, 54(3), 98-115. Jones, R. (2012). Organizational design and strategy in a changing global environment.  6thed. Upper Saddle, New Jersey. pp.207-239 Joslin, F., Waters, L., and Dudgeon, P. (2010). Perceived acceptance and work standards as  predictors of work attitudes and behaviour and employee psychological distress  following an internal business merger. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25 (1), 22-43 Magtibay-Ramos, N., Estrada, G., Felipe, J. (2008). An Input–Output Analysis of the  Philippine BPO Industry. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 22(1), 41-56. Marchington, M. (2005) . Fragmenting work: Blurring organizational boundaries and  disordering hierarchies. (1 ed., pp. 1-33). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Marion, T. H. (2012). Managing Global Outsourcing to Enhance Lean Innovation. Research Technology   anagement, 55(5), 44. McDonald, M. (1996). Strategic Marketing Planning: Theory, Practice and Research  Agendas. Journal Of Marketing Management, 12(1-3), 5-27. Mullins, R., Weiss, T. R. (2006). Dell, Users Scramble to Cope With Battery Recall.  Computerworld, 40(35), 6. Ngai, P., Chan, J. (2012). Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn  Experience. Modern China, 38(4), 383-410. Pardo, D, and Martinez, C. (2003). Resistance to change: a literature review and empirical  study. Management Decision, 41(2), 148 Piercy, N. F. (2006). The Strategic Sales Organization. Marketing Review, 6(1), 3-28.  Tambe, P., Hitt, L. (2010). How Offshoring Affects IT Workers. Communications Of The  ACM, 53(10), 62-70. Ulanoff, L. (20 07). The Vista Conspiracy. PC Magazine, 26(13), 74. Vithessonthi, C., Schwaninger, M. (2008). Job motivation and self-confidence for learning  and development as predictors of support for change. Journal Of Organizational  Transformation Social Change, 5(2), 141-157. Wee, H., Peng, S., Wee, P. P. (2010). Modelling of outsourcing decisions in global supply  chains. An empirical study on supplier management performance with different  outsourcing strategies. International Journal Of Production Research, 48(7), 2081-2094. Whitaker, J., Mithas, S., Krishnan, M. S. (2010). Organizational Learning and Capabilities  for Onshore and Offshore Business Process Outsourcing. Journal Of Management  Information Systems, 27(3), 11-42. Wu, L., Yim, F., Kwan, H., Zhang, X. (2012). Coping with Workplace Ostracism: The Roles  of Ingratiation and Political Skill in Employee Psychological Distress. Journal Of  Management Studies, 49(1), 178-199. Yang, C., Wacker, J. G., Sheu, C. (2 012). What makes outsourcing effective? A  transaction-cost economics analysis. International Journal Of Production Research,  50(16), 4462-4476 Young Bong, C., Gurbaxani, V. (2012). Information technology outsourcing, knowledge  transfer, and firm productivity: an empirical analysis. MIS Quarterly, 36(4), 1043-1063.